THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


. 


COMPRISING 

CUVIER'S  FOUR  GRAND  DIVISIONS 

OF 

ANIMALS : 

ALSO* 

•SHAW'S  IMPROVED  LINNEAN  GENERA, 

ARRANGED  ACCORDING  TO  THE 

CLASSES  AND  ORDERS 
OUVIER  AND  LATREILLE. 


SHORT  DESCRIPTIONS  OF  SOME  OP  THE  MOST  COMMON  SPECIES  ARE 
-GIVEN  FOR  STUDENT'S  EXERCISES. 


PREPARED    FOR   RENSSELAER  SCHOOL  AND    THE    POPULAR   CLASS-ROOM, 

BY  AMOS  EATON. 


PRINTED  BY  WEBSTERS  AND  SKINNERS. 

1826. 


PREFACE. 


Four  years  ago  I  published  the  grand  divis- 
ions,  the  classes  and  orders  of  Cuvier's  Le  Kegne 
animal  distribue  d'  apres  son  organization.  No- 
tice was  given  at  the  time,  that  it  was  my  inten- 
tion to  publish  a  translation  of  Cuvier's  genera. 
But  soon  afterwards  I  was  assured  that  two  or 
three  of  our  best  Zoologists  contemplated  the  ex- 
ecution of  an  elementary  system  of  Zoology.  My 
pupils  have  now  waited  for  the  promised  work 
about  two  years,  since  my  edition  of  the  classifica- 
tion of  Cuvier  has  been  exhausted.  I  was  at 
last  driven  to  this  undertaking  ;  which  I  entered 
upon  with  extreme  reluctance.  Not  on  account 
of  love  of  ease,  or  that  modest  diffidence  usually 
complained  of  by  authors.  But  because  it  may 
retard  the  publication  of  the  promised  system  of 
American  Zoology,  which,  it  is  confidently  hoped^ 
some  competent  naturalist  will  ere  long  complete. 

In  answer  to  this  objection  it  has  been  observ- 
ed by  my  friends,  that  such  a  small  book,  present- 
ing a  familiar  outline  of  the  science,  might  serve 
as  a  pioneer  for  a  full  system  ;  as  my  Manual  of 
Botany  did  for  the  enlarged  works  of  Elliott  and 
Torrey.  More  than  four  thousand  copies  of  the 
Manual,  in  the  hands  of  botanists,  awakened  a 


PREFACE. 


zeal  for  the  science,  which  rendered  enlarged  sys 
terns  desirable  and  even  necessary.     So  it  is  con- 
jectured, that  a  small  treatise  on  Zoology  may  in- 
spire a  degree  of  zeal,  sufficient  to  encourage  the 
publication  of  an  enlarged  work, 

It  will  appear  by  the  title  page,  that  1  have 
adopted  Dr.  Shaw's  genera,  instead  of  Cuvier's  ; 
though  I  have  distributed  the  genera  of  Shaw  ac- 
cording to  Cu  vier's  system  of  classification.  After 
comparing  Cuvier's  system  of  genera  with  that  of 
Shaw,  I  find  no  other  essential  difference,  than 
What  arises  from  the  numerous  subdivisions  of  the 
Linnean  genera  made  by  Cuvier.  The  student 
will  consequently  learn  nothing  in  using  Shaw's 
genera,  which  he  must  unlearn  if  he  should 
thereafter  study  animals  according  to  Cuvier'f 
subdivisions.  Besides,  it  is  far  from  being  a  set- 
tled point  among  naturalists,  that  the  modern  sub- 
divisions of  genera  in  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms,  are  preferable  to  subdivisions  into  sec- 
tions of  species  according  to  the  method  of  Lin- 
•neas,  which  is  followed  by  Shaw.  To  these  re- 
marks I  must  add,  that  Cuvier's  long  descriptions^ 
which  are  essential  upon  his  anatomical  plan> 
could  not  be  given  in  a  small  school-book.  And 
even  if  given,  they  could  not  be  understood  in 
-many  cases,  without  a  competent  knowledge  of 
anatomy.  The  species  of  some  of  the  Linneau 
genera  are  subdivided  by  Cuvier's  divisions  of 


PREFACE.  V 

orders.  These  cases  are  few  ;  and  as  far  as  I 
have  applied  his  orders,  I  can  discover  no  materi- 
al inconvenience  on  this  account. 

Cuvier's  classification  is  certainly  a  great  im- 
provement upon  that  of  Linneus,  in  most  cases. 
But  I  have  not  followed  him  in  the  orders  of  Pis* 
ces  and  of  Molluscous  animals.  His  method, 
would  undoubtedly  be  preferable,  if  we  could 
make  it  convenient  to  dissect  every  animal  in  these 
classes,  which  comes  under  examination.  In  the. 
study  of  molluscous  animals,  we  are  chiefly  con- 
fmed  to  the  empty  shells  j  it  being  impossible  for 
most  students  to  obtain  the  animals  inhabiting  the 
shells.  And  one  important  use  of  the  study  of 
Zoology  is  to  prepare  the  student  for  geological 
investigations.  In  this  department  we  never  find 
the  remains,  or  interior  castings,  of  the  soft  parts 
of  animals. 

Few  students  will  have  leisure  to  pursue  th$ 
study  of  Zoology  for  a  great  length  of  time. 
Therefore  they  will  generally  require  a  text- book, 
which  will  lead  them  by  the  shortest  course  to  a 
general  outline  of  the  science.  And  this  outline 
should  be  pursued  by  a  method,  which  is  adapted 
to  the  means  of  farther  progress,  which  may  be 
within  their  reach.  The  only  English  work,  to 
be  found  in  our  towns  and  villages,  to  which  we 
can  conveniently  resort  for  specific  descriptions,  fo 

*1 


VI"  PKEFACE. 

Kees?  Cyclopcsdia.  In  this  extensive  work  the 
genera  of  Cuvier  are  not  adopted.  But  students 
will  find  the  zoological  genera  of  that  work  per- 
fectly in  accordance  with  this  text-book*  After 
the  genus  is  found  here,  they  may  refer  to  the  same 
genus  in  Rees  by  its  alphabetical  arrangement j 
where  they  will  find  the  descriptions  of  all  the 
species  published  in  that  work. 

*  Zoological  articles  are  very  meagre  in  Rees,  before  the  com  - 
mjencernent  of  the  letter.,  C.  The  naturalist,  Donovon,  conducted 
most  of  that  article  from  C?  onwards,  in  a  very  acceptable  manne.r 


ZOOLOGY. 


ZOOLOGY  is  the  science  which  treats  of  materi- 
al organized  beings,  ivhich  are  endoived  with  the 
sentient  principle.* 

It  is  generally  true,  that  animals  differ  from 
vegetables  in  possessing  locomotive,  as  well  as 
sentient,  powers.  This  is  a  good  distinction  be- 
tween the  ox  and  the  oak.  But  is  very  deficient 
when  applied  to  the  isis  and  the  sensitive  plants. 

Animals  receive  their  food  into  an  internal  cav- 
ity or  cavities,  which  is  so  modified  as  to  furnish 
the  fluids  which  supply  the  wants  of  the  system. 
And  probably  no  substance  is  received  as  the  food 
of  animals,  which  has  not  previously  been  in  an  or- 
ganized state..  Whereas  vegetables  receive  inor* 
ganic  matter  for  food,  as  well  as  that  which  has 
been  organized  ;  and  their  food  is  chiefly  received 
through  tubular  radicles,  or  pores  of  leaves,  which 
have  the  power  to  direct  their  courses  or  pores  to- 
wards water,  air,  light  and  heat. 

All  animals  have  the  seuse  of  feeling.  But 
they  have  no  particular  organ  for  that  sensation  5. 
it  depending  on  papillae  at  the  ends  of  nerves 
which  terminate  in  every  part  of  the  skin.  All 
vertebral  animals  have  four  organs  of  sense.  Each 
organ  is  adapted  to  its  particular  office.  One  for 

*"  Sentient  principle"  is  not  well  defined,  and  no  definition  of  an  an- 
imal has  come  to  my  knowledge  which  is  satisfactory.  "Organized 
being"  is  still  wanting  in  a  settled  accurate  meaning.  The  student  is 
referred  to  large  treatises  on  subjects  of  natural  history,  for  ingenious 
attempts  at  definitions  and  nice  distinctions, 


8  SYSTEMATIC    ZOOLOGY. 

communicating  the  sensation  of  sight,  one  for 
sound,  one  for  tafcte,  and  one  for  smell.  Some  of 
the  other  divisions  of  animals  have  more  or  less 
of  these  organs  in  greater  or  less  perfection. 

All  animals  seem  to  require  a  system  of  organs 
for  digesting  food,  for  circulating  fluids  through 
the  body,  and  for  oxy dating  those  fluids.  In  ver- 
tebral animals  these  organs  consist  of  stomachs, 
to  which  an  alimentary  canal  is  attached  ;  a  heart 
which  is  alternately  compressed  and  expanded; 
to  which  a  set  of  arteries  and  veins  are  attached — 
the  former  for  conveying  the  fluids  from  the  heart, 
and  the  latter  for  returning  them  to  the  heart ;  lungs 
or  gills  in  which  the  same  fluids  are  presented  to  the 
oxygen  of  the  atmosphere.  Some  animals  have 
their  fluids  oxydated  by  means  of  spiracles,  some 
by  means  of  exterior  membranous  organs. 

SYSTEMATIC  ZOOLOGY. 

Animals  are  distributed  into  groups,  for  the 
convenience  of  ascertaining  their  names  and  of 
studying  their  affinities.  These  groupes  or  as- 
semblages are  called  Classes,  Orders,  Genera; 
Species  and  Varieties, 

LINNEUS  distributed  all  animals  into  six  classes, 

1.  Mammalia,  viviparous  and  suckling  the  young, 

2.  Jives,  oviparous,  having  two  wings  and   two 
feet.     8.  Amphibia,  lungs  adapted  to  long  sus- 
pended respiration.     4.  Pisces.,  fins  and  gills  sub-* 
stituted  for  lungs.     5.   Insecta,  antennae  in  most 
cases,  members  articulated  to  an  external  crust. 
6.   Vermes,  body  soft,  members  not  articulated,  or 
wanting. 

CUVIER  subdivided  several  of  these  classes. — 
Mammalia,  Jives,  Jlmphibia  and  Pisces  remain  a& 


GRAND    DIVISIONS.  9 

Linneus  left  them,  or  nearly  so.  Insecta  is  di- 
vided into  three  classes,  to  which  is  prefixed  a 
class  taken  from  Vermes.  They  are  Annelida, 
Crustacea,  Jlrachnida,  and  Insecta.  The  re- 
mainder of  the  class  Vermes  is  divided  into  Mol- 
lusca,  Echinoderma,  Intestina,  Jlcalepha,  Polypi 
and  Infusoria.  The  subdivisions  are  adopted  in 
this  text-book. 

GRAND  DIVISIONS. 

THE  SUBJECTS  OF  ZOOLOGY  ARE  DISTRIBUTED 
INTO  FOUR  GRAND  DIVISIONS  J  BECAUSE  ANIMALS 
APPEAR  TO  HAVE  BEEN  ORGANIZED  UPON  FOUR 

GENERAL  PLANS. 

I.  RADIATED  ANIMALS  or  ZOOPHYTES, 

In  this  division  the  sentient  principle  is  lodged 
in,  or,  in  some  unknown  manner,  attached  to,  a 
medullary  globule,  spheroid  or  ring,  with  radiat* 
ing  branches. 

Animals  of  this  class  are  but  little  more  com- 
plicated in  their  structure  than  plants.  No  dis- 
tinct system  of  nerves  nor  any  organs  of  sense, 
have  been  discovered.  Feint  vestiges  of  circula- 
tion are  with  difficulty  perceived.  Their  respi- 
ratory organs  are  mostly  on  the  surface  of  the 
body.  Some  receive  their  food  through  a  mouth^ 
others  through  pores. 

Some  animals  of  this  division  may  be  cut  across^ 
and  both  parts  will  live.  This  is  explained  by 
supposing  the  animal  to  consist  of  a  column  or 
pile  of  distinct  animals,  and  that  the  transverse  cut- 
ting produces  a  mere  separation  of  a  column  of 
individuals  into  several  shorter  columns. 


10  GRAND    DIVISIONS. 

The  process  of  reproduction  among  this  di- 
vision of  animals  resembles  that  of  plants  with 
perfect  flowers,  Some  of  them  may  be  propaga- 
ted by  cuttings  like  plants.  In  this^  and  in  some 
other  particulars,  they  seem  to  partake  of  the  na- 
ture of  plants  and  animals  ;  and  are  therefore  cal- 
led zoophytes,  or  animal-plants.  They  are  the 
most  simple  in  their  organization,  and  seem  to 
have  been  some  of  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  the 
earth  ;  as  some  of  the  species  are  found  in  the 
oldest  rocks,  which  contain  any  petrifactions. 

Example.  Sea-hedghog,  starfish,  sea-nettle, 
corals,  corallines,  animalcule,  tape-worm. 

II.  MOLLUSCOUS  ANIMALS. 

In  this  division  the  sentient  principle  is  lodged 
in  a  number  of  medullary  masses,  dispersed  in 
different  parts  of  a  soft  body.  Ani  though  the 
medullary  masses  are  not  always  united  by  nervous 
filaments,  the  organs  of  sense  and  motion  are  ar- 
ranged more  or  less  on  two  sides  of  a  nervous  aww 
or  longitudinal  series  of  medullary  masses. 

The  principal  medullary  mass  is  situated  upon 
the  throat.  The  circulatory  system  is  considera- 
bly7 complicated  ;  much  more  so  than  that  of  the 
articulated  division.  The  blood  is  dark  colour- 
ed or  blue.  Fibrin  appears  more  abundant  thau 
in  vertebral  animals.  Their  muscles  are  attach- 
ed to  many  parts  of  the  skin,  forming  a  tissue 
more  or  less  complicated  and  compact.  By  va- 
rious contractions  and  elongations  they  move^ 
swim,  and  perform  other  motions.  They  have 
considerable  irratibility  5  the  naked  skin  is  rery 


GIIA&D    DIVISIONS.  it 


sensible  and  furnished  with  a  liquid  humor 
issues  from  its  pore*. 

Molluscous  animals  are  generally  covered  with 
plates  of  carbonate  of  lime,  which  serve  as  beds 
er  retreats  from  danger.  These  plates,  usually 
called  shells,  are  produced  by  secretion  from  the 
skin.  The  process  of  reproduction  greatly  re- 
sembles that  of  plants  with  perfect  flowers  ;  rare- 
ly that  of  dioecious  flowers. 

Animals  of  this  division,  though  more  compli- 
cated in  their  digestive  and  circulatory  system 
than  animals  of  the  articulated  division,*  seem 
to  have  been  cotemporaries  with  the  oldest  of 
the  radiated  division.  For  we  find  the  remains 
of  several  species  of  this  division  in  the  oldest 
transition  rocks,  which  rarely  if  ever,  contain  any 
relics  of  the  articulated  or  vertebral  divisions. 

Examples.  Nautilus,  snails,  oysters,  barni- 
eles. 

III.  ARTICULATED  ANIMALS. 

In  this  division  the  sentient  principle  is  lodged 
in  two  lon^  cords,  swelling  at  intervals  into  knots 
or  ganglyous,  extending  through  a  jointed  body 
in  the  longitudinal  direction.  The  organs  of  sense 
and  motion  are  all  double,  and  arranged  on  two 
sides  of  the  nervous  axis. 

The  principal  ganglyon  is  placed  near  the 
throat.  They  have  jointed  trunks  or  abdomens  j 
and  all  but  one  class,  have  jointed  limbs  articula- 

*  Cuvier  places  this  division  between  the  vertebral  and  articulated, 
on  account  of  the  greater  perfection  of  the  residence  of  the  sentient 
principle.  For  if  the  bee  is  more  active  than  the  oyster,  so  the  cat 
and  pigeon  are  more  active  than  man.  But  we  have  changed  the  or- 
der to  accommodate  it  to  the  study  of  petrifactions  and  shells  ;  for  very 
few  have  the  means  for  studying  the  anatomical  structure  of 
ceous  animals. 


12  GRAND    DIVISIONS. 

ted  to  an' external  crust  or  to  a  rigid  covering* 
They  draw  in  their  food  through  suckers  or  tubes 
serving  as  mouths,  in  most  cases.  Air  vessels, 
through  which  respiration  is  performed,  open  on 
the  sides  of  their  bodies  or  limbs. 

They  have  two  eyes,  which  may  be  of  two 
kinds.  The  simple  kind  appears  like  a  small 
lens.  The  compound  kind  has  its  surface  divi- 
ded into  an  infinite  number  of  lenses  ;  each  an- 
swering to  a  fibre  of  the  optic  nerves.  Excepting 
the  classes  of  jointed  worms  and  of  spiders,  all  ar- 
ticulated animals  have  antennae  ;  being  jointed,  fi- 
liform, flexible  horns.  With  these  they  seem  to 
effect  many  purposes  ;  such  as  examining  bodies 
•within  their  reach,  determining  the  state  of  the  at- 
mosphere, and  to  derive  sensations  of  which  we 
have  no  knowledge. 

They  have  the  sense  of  smell  and  of  hearing  ; 
but  it  is  not  known  in  what  organs  these  senses 
are  placed.  Some  have  jaws  of  a  curious  char- 
acter. Often  a  pair  of  strong  pincers  for  grasp- 
ing and  breaking  up  their  food,  and  for  defence. 
These  are  called  mandibles.  Two  pairs  within 
these  are  called  levers  and  lips.  To  the  levers 
or  jaws  are  attached  jointed  filaments,  called  pal- 
pi or  feelers,  which  are  supposed  to  serve  the  ani- 
mal for  examining  its  food.  The  tongue  com- 
monly adheres  to  the  lower  lever.  In  some  the 
fore  feet  serve  in  place  of  some  of  these  appenda^ 
ges  ;  in  others  the  jaws  are  increased  in  number. 
Some  have  a  proboscis  or  tube  through  which  food 
is  imbibed. 

They  are  mostly  produced  from  eggs.  Some 
become  perfect  immediately  from  the  egg  ;  but 
more  are  changed  from  the  egg  to  the  larva,  (cal- 
led caterpillar,  worm,  maggot  or  skipper)  from 


GfeAND    DIVISIONS.  13 

larva  to  crysalis,  from  cry  sal  is  to  the  perfect  ia- 
sect.  They  are  generally  the  most  voracious 
while  in  the  larva  state.  Some  live  long  in  the 
larva  state,  and  but  a  short  time  in  the  state  of 
the  perfect  insect.  As  the  cicadia  septendecim 
(American  locust,)  remains  in  the  larva  state  sev- 
enteen years,  and  in  the  state  of  perfect  insect 
hut  about  a  week,  and  eats  nothing  during  that 
period.  Others  are  in  the  larva  state  but  a  short 
time  in  proportion  to  their  duration  in  the  insect 
state  ;  as  niusca  domestica,  the  common  house-fly, 
which  continues  a  long  time  and  eats  continually* 

Animals  of  this  division  were  probably  created 
before  the  vertebral.  For  it  is  said  that  the  cast- 
off  crusts  of  the  crysalis  of  some  species  are  found 
in  older  rocks  than  the  bones  of  vertebral  animals. 
I  have  never  found  any  such  relics.  Perhaps 
flsh  are  found  in  formations  about  as  old  as  any 
0f  this  division. 

Examples.  Angle  worm,  leach,  lobster,  spi- 
der, beetle,  cricket,  bee,  butterfly,  gnat. 

IV.  VERTEBRAL  ANIMALS. 

In  this  division  the  sentient  principle  is  lodged 
in  a  medullary  substance,  the  basis  of  which  is  in- 
closed  in  a  bony  tube,  composed  of  a  column  of  ver- 
tebrae. 

To  the  nervous  axis  enclosed  in  a  bony  tube; 
which  is  called  the  medulla  spinalis,  there  is  an 
appendage  at  one  extremity,  denominated  the 
train.  This  is  inclosed  in  a  bony  case,  called  the 
cranium.  But  animals  of  this  division  have  au- 
other  system  of  nerves,  more  analagous  to  the  sys- 
tems found  in  the  other  three  divisions;  than  the 


14  GRAND    DIVISIONS. 

medulla  spinalis.  It  is  that  system  which  extends 
through  the  heart,  lungs,  and  stomach,  and  is  con- 
nected with  the  brain  by  a  very  minute  fibre. — - 
Nature  seems  to  have  been  very  solicitous  to  pro- 
vide  for  the  digestive,  respiratory  and  circulatory 
systems,  in  every  division  of  animals.  The  sys- 
tem of  nerves,  devoted  to  this  object,  is  kept  al- 
most distinct  in  vertebral  animals,  and  the  medul- 
la spinalis,  as  well  as  the  brain,  seem  to  be  but 
appendages. 

The  organs  of  sense  and  motion  are  all  double, 
and  are  arranged  on  two  sides  of  the  nervous  axis. 
To  the  vertebral  column  are  attached  two  series 
of  ribs,  constituting  the  chief  frame-work  of  the 
body.  Strong  bony  limbs  are  bound  to  each  ex- 
tremity of  the  bony  column,  which  are  mostly  cov- 
ered by  the  muscles  which  give  them  motion.  All 
the  proper  visera  are  inclosed  in  the  head  and 
trunk. 

Both  brain  and  medulla  spinalis  being  peculiar 
to  this  division,  the  sentient  principle  is  much 
more  perfect  in  this  than  in  the  other  divisions. 
Here  we  find  four  pair  of  organs  of  sense.  Two 
eyes,  two  ears,  two  nostrils,  and  two  fleshy  mass- 
es constituting  a  tongue,  or  rather  a  pair  of  or- 
gans of  taste. 

,  These  animals  have  red  blood,  hearts  with  al- 
ternate sistole  and  diastole  motions,  horizontal 
jaws  adapted  to  the  preparation  of  food  for  the  di- 
gestive process.  They  are  viviparous  or  ovipa- 
rous, and  from  the  commencement  of  their  lives 
till  death,  they  supply  the  daily  waste  of  their 
bodies  by  masticating  and  passing  into  the  stom- 
ach, aliment  suited  to  their  respective  natures.  A 


GRAND    DIVISIONS.  15 

part  of  this  aliment  is  carried  into  the  circulatory 
system  by  lymphatic  vessels. 

Animals  of  this  division  being  more  complicated 
iu  their  structure,  are  subject  to  a  greater  variety 
of  diseases.  They  have  more  acute  pains  and 
more  exquisite  pleasures. 

Examples.  Man,  bat,  squirrel,  elephant,  deer, 
whale,  eagle,  humming-bird,  tortoise,  crocodile, 
viper,  frog,  eel,  shark,  salmon. 


16  SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE. 


SENTIENT  PRINCIPLE, 

ACCORDING    TO    THE  ORDER    OF    THE  FOUR  GRAND 
DIVISIONS  OF  ANIMALS. 

I.  RADIATED  ANIMALS. 

The  sentient  principle  in  this  division  of  ani 
mals,  is  scarcely  manifest.  Many  of  them  being 
fixed  like  a  plant,  and  scarcely  exhibiting  any 
signs  of  irritability,  are  hardly  distinguished  from 
plants,  or  even  from  minerals.  If  they  are  sen- 
sible to  pleasure  or  to  pain,  few  of  them  have  the 
means  of  making  their  sensations  known  to  man. 

IL  MOLLUSCOUS  ANIMALS. 

The  nervous  and  circulatory  systems  being 
more  complicated,  we  infer,  from  analogy,  that 
this  division  of  animals  possesses  the  sentient 
principle  in  greater  perfection.  But  such  is  their 
clumsy  structure,  that  they  are  incapable  of  evin- 
cing their  superiority  to  the  radiated  divisions,  if 
they  are  really  superior.  Some  species  of  snail 
have  considerable  locomotive  power  ;  and  exhibit 
signs  of  fear,  and  retreat  suddenly  from  danger. 
{Borne  species  of  the  bivalves  change  situation  as 
their  wants  seem  to  dictate.  Little,  however,  can 
be  said  of  the  sagacity  of  this  division  of  animals, 

III.  ARTICULATED  ANIMALS. 

Though  the  nervous  and  circulatory  systems  are 
less  perfect  in  this  than  in  the  last  division  of  an- 
imals, their  forms  being  better  adapted  to  the  ex- 
hibition of  their  pleasures,  pains,  and  wants,  they 


SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE*  17 

appear  to  be  the  more  perfect.  It  requires  the  im- 
agination to  be  severely  disciplined  by  the  con- 
troul  of  the  reasoning  powers,  and  the  authority 
of  analogy,  to  yield  to  the  opinion,  that  the  clum- 
sy inert  shapeless  oyster  is  more  intelligent  than 
the  frugal  bee,  the  provident  ant,  and  the  revenge- 
ful wasp. 

Among  this  division  of  animals,  we  discover 
instincts,  which  guide  their  actions  like  the  wisdom 
of  sages.  But  as  they  have  no  brain,  we  cannot 
ascribe  to  them  any  of  those  faculties  of  mind^ 
which  seem  to  be  lodged  no  where  but  in  that  or- 


IV.  VERTEBRAL  ANIMALS. 

Animals  of  this  division  are  furnished  with  the 
appendage,  at  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  medul- 
la spinalis,  denominated  the  brain.  This  appen- 
dage consists  of  fibrous  fascicles,  radiating  in  pairs 
from  the  end  of  the  medulla  spinalis,  and  termina- 
ting at  the  inner  surface  of  the  cranium,  and  inve- 
loped  in  a  soft  ash-colored  medullary  substance. 
These  fascicles  are  few  in  number  in  the  class  of 
fish,  more  in  the  class  of  amphibious  animals, 
more  still  in  birds,  and  most  of  all  in  the  class 
mammalia,  or  in  that  class  in  which  the  young  are 
nourished  with  the  milk  of  the  dam.  Experience 
teaches  us,  that  the  sagacity  of  animals  increases 
as  we  ascend  the  scale  of  increased  fascicles. — . 
The  lizard  and  snake  are  more  sagacious  than 
fish  ;  the  bird  more  sagacious  than  lizards  and 
snakes  ;  the  dog  and  horse  more  sagacious  thaa 
birds. 

In  ascending  the  scale  of  orders  in  the  class 
mammalia,  we  find  the  increased  number  of  cere- 

2* 


48  SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE. 

foral  fascicles  indicating  higher  degrees  of  sagacity, 
until  we  arrive- at  the  order  bnnanes,  in  which  man 
alone  is  found.  Man  has  a  different  set  of  cere- 
bral fascicles  from  any  other  animal.  These  fas- 
cicles terminate  in  that  part  of  the  head  called  the 
forehead,  which,  in  most  heads  agrees  in  its  boun- 
dary lines  with  the  limits  of  that  part  of  the  head 
which  is  covered  with  hair.  Many  of  the  fasci- 
cles terminating  in  that  part  of  the  human  head 
which  is  covered  with  hair,  man  has  in  common 
with  some  other  animals  ;  but  those  of  the  fore- 
head are  peculiar  to  man. 

RESIDENCE  OF  THE  MENTAL  FACULTIES  OF  MAN, 
OR  PHRENOLOGY. 

It  is  the  opinion  of  some  philosophers,  that  the 
faculties  of  the  mind  are  distinct  and  located  j  al- 
so, that  their  particular  locations  may  be  ascer 
tained  by  a  long  course  of  careful  observations. 
The  facts  collected  by  such  a  course  of  observa- 
tions, have  been  arranged  in  systematic  order  ; 
and  the  authors  of  this  arrangement  have  denom- 
inated it  the  science  of  phrenology.  Many  con- 
sider this  pretended  science  as  mere  quackery, 
unworthy  of  any  serious  attention.  Others  have 
treated  it  as  a  science,  deserving  particular  at- 
tention. It  was  scarcely  noticed  by  men  of  sci- 
ence in  Europe  or  in  America,  excepting  for  pur- 
poses of  burlesque  and  ridicule,  until  the  opinion 
of  the  professors  of  the  French  National  Institute 
appeared  in  the  printed  journals.  Though  the 
aystem  of  Gall  and  Spurzheim  was  not  admitted 
as  a  science,  the  serious  manner  in  which  it  was 
treated  by  a  constellation  of  the  greatest  men  of 
this  age,  and  their  decided  approbation  in  relation 


SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE.  19 

to  some  important  facts,  discovered  in  the  anato- 
my of  the  brain,  induced  many  learned  men  of 
both  continents,  to  give  the  subject  a  serious  dis- 
cussion The  approbation  of  Sir  Astley  Cooper, 
also  induced  much  inquiry.  Whatever  may  be 
its  fate,  whether  it  is  destined  to  die  with  its  au- 
thors, or  to  be  received  as  a  science,  it  seems  ne- 
cessary at  the  present  day,  to  understand  the  gen- 
eral  outlines  of  its  principles.  We  shall,  there- 
fore, give  a  few  pages  to  the  subject ;  merely  suf- 
ficient to  acquaint  the  student  with  its  principles, 
without  giving  a  detailed  exposition  of  the  au- 
thors' arguments  or  applications. 

The  mind  is  supposed  to  be  a  substance  totally 
distinct  from  matter,  and  to  take  its  residence  in 
the  brain  for  a  season,  in  a  manner  somewhat 
analagous  to  the  residence  of  the  electric  fluid 
in  the  tinfoil  which  lines  a  Leyden  vial.  As  the 
electric  fluid  may  lie  dormant  here,  or  may  be  in 
a  situation  to  exert  its  powers,  without  destroying 
it  or  changing  its  nature,  so  the  mind  may  reside 
in  the  brain  in  a  torpid  or  in  an  active  state,  with- 
out any  essential  change.  As  the  electric  fluid 
may  at  one  time  reside  in  tinfoil,  again  in  vapor, 
and  again  in  the  earth,  without  any  change  or 
without  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  tinfoil,  of  the 
vapor,  or  of  the  earth  ;  so  the  mind  or  soul  may  at 
one  time  reside  in  the  brain,  at  another  in  the  re- 
gions beyond  the  grave,  without  any  change  or 
without  partaking  of  the  nature  of  the  brain,  &c. 
And  as  the  electric  fluid  will  exert  its  powers, 
while  in  connexion  with  the  tinfoil,  &c.  to  better 
or  worse  advantage,  as  it  is  more  or  less  favorably 
situated,  though  its  essential  qualities  willnot  be 
altered.,  so  the  mind  will  exert  its  powersto  bet- 


20  SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE* 

ter  OP  worse  advantage,  while  in  connexion  with 
the  brain,  as  it  is  more  or  less  favorably  situated, 
though  its  essential  qualities  will  not  be  altered. 

In  order  to  ascertain  on  what  circumstances  the 
favorable  operations  of  the  powers  of  the  mind  de- 
pend, an  extensive  series  of  comparisons  was  ne- 
cessary. One  point  was  soon  ascertained.  The 
united  observations  of  mankind  for  ages,  has  de- 
monstrated, that  all  persons  whose  foreheads  are 
greatly  compressed  are  idiots,  though  in  the  best 
state  of  health.  Hence  a  safe  inference  was  drawn, 
that  the  clevelopeiuent  of  a  duly  proportioned  vo- 
lume of  brain  in  the  forehead,  is  essential  to  the 
advantageous  exercise  of  the  powers  of  the  mind. 
After  proving  that  a  due  developement  of  volume 
was  necessary  to  common  sense,  enlarged  and 
compressed  portions  of  the  brain  were  to  be  ex- 
amined, in  cases  of  remarkable  strength  or  weak- 
ness in  any  of  the  faculties  of  the  mind.  If  one 
individual  possessed  remarkable  discriminating 
powers,  and  another  was  strongly  predisposed  to  be 
at  variance  with  others  ;  and  if  the  former  had  a 
remarkable  prominent  ridge  in  the  centre  of  the 
upper  part  of  his  forehead,  and  the  latter  had  am 
unusual  prominence  back  of  his  ears,  the  promi- 
nent ridge  in  the  forehead  would  be  called  the  or- 
gan of  discrimination,  and  the  prominence  back 
of  the  ears,  the  organ  of  comlativeness.  Should 
the  same  coincidence  of  prominences  and  faculties 
frequently  occur,  after  twenty  or  thirty  years  of 
accurate  observation,  the  location  of  them  would 
be  considered  as  the  residence  of  such  faculties  ; 
and  their  volume  would  indicate  their  degree  of 
strength  or  weakness. 


SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE.  21 

Upon  such  a  course  of  observations,  Gall  and 
Spurzheim  have  constructed  their  system.  And 
now  they  call  upon  the  scientific  world  to  apply 
their  rules  to  all  the  cases  which  occur  to  each  ob- 
server, in  order  to  test  their  system.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  description  of  their  rules  in  substance. — 
We  have  omitted  their  minute  subdivisions,  which 
seem  to  have  been  the  result  of  that  excessive 
zeal  which  men  often  feel  for  a  favorite  theory. 

PHRENOLOGICAL  FACULTIES. 

ORDER  I. 

The  FEELING  FACULTIES.  These  are  located 
in  that  part  of  the  cranium  which  is  usually  cov- 
ered with  hair.  Some  of  these  are  found  ia  other 
animals. 

ORDER  II. 

The  INTELLECTUAL  FACULTIES.  These  are 
located  in  that  part  of  the  cranium,  which  is  usu- 
ally destitute  of  a  hairy  covering.  None  of  these 
are  found  in  any  animals  but  men. 

Men  are  said  to  be  more  strongly  predisposed 
to  be  controuled  by  their  feelings,  or  by  their  in- 
tellectual faculties,  as  the  volumes  of  those  two 
parts  of  the  head  bear  relation  to  each  other,  mea- 
suring from  the  passage  into  the  ear. 

GENERA. 
The  first  order  is  divided  into 

Genus  1.  Propensities.  This  genus  of  facul- 
ties includes  the  lower  part  of  the  order.  Com- 


22  SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE. 

menciog  with  the  cerebellum,  it  extends  forward 
of  the  ears  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  second  or- 
der. 

Genus  2.  Sentiments.  This  genus  of  faculties 
includes  the  upper  part  of  the  order.  Commenc- 
ing above  the  greatest  prominence  in  the  back 
part  of  the  head,  it  extends  forward  to  the  boun- 
dary of  the  second  order. 

The  second  order  is  divided  into 

Genus  3.  Knowing  faculties.  This  genus*  of 
faculties  includes  the  lower  part  of  the  order. 

Genus  4.  Reflecting  faculties.  This  genus  of 
faculties  includes  the  upper  part  of  the  order. 

N.  B.  In  well  proportioned  heads,  the  line  of 
division  between  the  first  and  second  genera,  in 
both  orders,  runs  parallel  to  the  base  of  the  crani- 
um, about  equidistant  between  the  top  and  bot 
tem  of  it, 

SECTIONS. 
GENUS  1. 

Section  i.     Retiring  benignity.     Those  facul- 
ties which  dispose  to  love,  friendship  and  retire 
mentj  also  enable  the  possessor  to  concentrate  his 
thoughts  in  the  investigation  of  abstruse  subjects. 

Location.  In  the  back  part  of  this  genus  ;  be- 
ing the  part  of  the  head  near  the  top  of  the  neck, 
and  extending  above  the  most  prominent  part  of  it, 

Section  2  Invinsible  self-love.  Those  facul- 
lies  which  dispose  to  effect  our  own  purposes^ 
whether  controversies,  secrecy,  strong  offensive 
and  defensive  measures,  private  defensive  build- 
ings, or  whatever  other  means  may  be  required 
for  it. 


SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE.  28 

Location.  The  forepart  of  this  genus,  being 
near  the  ears. 

GENUS  2, 

Section  3.  Approving  justice  andfrmness. — 
Those  faculties  which  dispose  to  cautiousness* 
justice  and  firmness,  with  a  consciousness  of  mer- 
it and  a  desire  for  approbation. 

Location.  The  back  part  of  this  genus,  being 
in  well  proportioned  heads,  the  highest  part,  and 
extending  downwards  below  the  lateral  promi- 
nences. 

Section  4.  Benevolent  enthusiasm.  Those  a- 
culties  which  dispose  to  benevolence  and  an  en- 
thusiastic devotedness  to  the  happiness  of  others 
and  to  divine  worship.  It  often  leads  to  poetic 
reveries  and  fantastic  hopes. 

Location.  The  fore  part  of  this  genus  begin- 
ning above  the  naked  part  of  the  forehead,  running 
about  half  way  towards  the  crown,  and  extending 
half  way  down  towards  the  ears. 

GENUS  3. 

Section  5.  Elegant  powers.  Those  faculties 
which  are  adapted  to  music,  painting,  ready  reck- 
oning and  eloquence. 

Locality.  That  part  of  this  genus  which  would 
be  included  under  a  narrow  belt,  crossing  the 
eyes  and  extending  up  from  the  outer  half  of  the 
eyes,  about  half  way  to  the  top  of  the  forehead. 
The  enlargement  of  the  fascicles  back  of  the  eyes, 
is  indicated  by  prominent  eyes.  In  these  fasci- 
cles the  faculty  of  eloquence  in  particular  is  sup- 
posed to  reside. 


24  SENTIENT   PRINCIPLE. 

Section  6.  Inventive  powers.  Those  faculties 
which  are  adapted  to  the  invention  and  execution 
@f  original  plans,  whether  they  relate  to  forms  of 
machinery,  arranging  the  course  of  business  in 
which  one  is  engaged,  constructing  scientific  sys- 
tems, or  whatever  else  requires  a  talent  for  sug- 
gesting original  forms  and  schemes. 

Location.  That  part  of  this  genus  which  is  si- 
tuated at  the  bottom  of  the  centre  of  the  forehead* 
at  the  origin  of  the  nose.  1  he  breadth  of  the  nose 
at  its  origin  and  the  projection  of  the  forehead  at 
(hat  point,  indicate  the  strength  of  the  faculties  of 
this  section. 

Section  7.  Ready  perception.  Those  faculties 
which  are  adapted  to  the  ready  acquisition  of  a  su- 
perficial knowledge  of  objects,  such  as  to  know  a 
human  countenance  after  a  single  glance,  to  be 
able  to  ennijinerate  the  individual  parts  of  an  ex- 
tensive pleasure  ground,  of  an  artificial  work,  or 
of  along  story  or  song,  without  study  or  fatigue. 

Location.  The  centre  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
forehead,  from  above  the  origin  of  the  nose  to  half 
the  height  of  the  forehead. 

GENUS  4. 

Section  8.  Philosophic  powers.  Those  facul- 
ties which  are  adapted  to  the  tracing  of  cause  and 
effect,  to  making  accurate  distinctions,  to  solving 
mathematical  problems,  and  to  judging  in  all 
other  cases  where  the  subject  is  so  presented  to 
the  mind  as  to  be  understood. 

Location.  That  part  of  this  genus  which  occu- 
pies the  upper  and  middle  part  of  the  forehead, 
and  extends  about  half  way  to  the  origin  of  the 
nose. 


SENTIENT   PRINCIPLE.  25 

Section  9.  Comic  powers.  Those  faculties 
which  are  adapted  to  the  perception  and  perform- 
ance of  mimicries,  and  to  comic  and  witty  sayings. 

Location.  The  upper  corners  of  the  forehead, 
and  extending  down  the  outer  limits  of  it  half  way 
to  the  eyes.* 

REMARKS. 

In  estimating  the  nine  sections  of  the  head,  gen 
eral  dimensions  should  be  considered  in  most  cas- 
es ;  and  no  head  can  be  a  fit  subject  for  examina- 
tion which  has  been  enlarged  or  distorted  by  dis- 
ease. Sections  1,  3,  4,  6  and  8,  should  be  esti- 
mated by  considering  the  dimensions  of  the  brain 
from  the  passage  into  the  ear.  Section  2,  should 
be  estimated  by  the  diameter  of  the  head  immedi- 
ately above  the  ears.  Sections  5?  7  and  9,  should 
be  estimated  by  comparing  their  prominent  or 
compressed  state  with  the  adjoining  sections. 

It  is  supposed  that  a  well  proportioned  head 
indicates  intellectual  strength,  but  want  of  mental 
activity.  And  that  a  head  whose  sections  are 
greatly  disproportioned  to  each  other,  indicates 
great  activity  in  the  prominent  locations.  These 
two  rules  are  said  to  be  founded  on  many  obser- 

*Gall  and  Spurzhcirn  have  weakened  their  system  by  descending 
to  33  minute  subdivisions.  Section  1,  is  divided  into  amativeness,  phi 
loprogenitiveness,  inhabitiveness  and  adhesiveness.  Sec.  2,  combat- 
iveness,  destructiveness,  corustructiveness,  covetiveness  and  secretive- 
ness.  Sec.  3,  cautiousness,  conscienciousness,  firmness,  love  of  appro- 
bation, self-esteem.  Sec.  4,  benevolence,  veneration,  hope,  ideality 
Sec.  5,  individuality,  locality.  Sec.  6,  form,  size,  weight,  momenta 
Sec.  7,  colouring,  order,  time,  number,  tune,  language.  Sec.  8,  com 
parison,  causality.  Sec.  9,  wit,  imitation. 

Those  who  wish  to  study  the  faculties,  as  here  enumerated,  are  re- 
ferred to  Dr.  Bell's  edition  of  Combe's  elements  of  Phrenology.  Dr. 
Caldwell,  of  Transylvania  University,  has  published  a  work  on  this  sub- 
ject, which  is  said  to  possess  great  merit ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to 
obtain  a  copy  of  it. 

3 


26  SENTIENT    PRINCIPLE. 

rations.  It  is  explained  on  the  principle,  that 
when  all  the  sections  are  in  equilibrio,  the  faculties 
correct  and  moderate  each  other  ;  while  an  un- 
balanced faculty  acts  vehemently  without  re- 
straint. 

A  weak  faculty  may  be  strengthened  by  exer- 
cise, and  a  strong  one  may  be  weakened  by  neg- 
lect. An  amiable  child  may  be  made  quarrel- 
some and  wicked  by  experiencing  perpetual  cruel- 
ties. His  faculty  ofcombativeness  is  thus  strength- 
ened by  use  ;  while  his  faculty  of  benevolence  be- 
comes enfeebled  for  want  of  objects  to  excite  it  into 
healthy  action  On  the  same  principle  evil  pro- 
pensities may  be  put  down  and  the  best  sentiments 
strengthened  by  careful  and  discreet  culture. — 
The  great  diversity  in  the  mental  faculties  of  hu- 
man individuals  is  ascribed  to  the  state  of  society 
and  individual  education  through  many  genera- 
tions. Very  little  diversity  is  observed  among 
wild  animals  ;  while  individuals  of  the  same  spe- 
cies of  domesticated  animals  present  heads  very 
different  in  form. 

The  advocates  for  this  system  of  phrenology 
suppose  that  it  furnishes  a  ready  solution  of  many 
operations  of  the  mind.  Insanity  (which  often 
seems  to  affect  but  one  faculty  of  the  mind;  while 
all  the  others  remain  unimpaired)  they  say  may 
be  explained  by  supposing  that  pair  of  fascicles, 
in  which  the  disordered  faculty  is  lodged,  to  be  so 
far  impaired  as  to  embarrass  that  faculty  in  the 
exertion  of  its  powers. 


ELEMENTARY  TERMS 

EMPLOYED    IN    ZOOLOGY. 

The  science  of  animals  was  divided  by  Linneus  into 
six  branches,  each  according  with  one  of  his  six  classes. 
The  French  have  prefixed  a  more  general  two-fold  di- 
vision. These  divisions,  however,  are  rather  popular 
than  scientific. 

Animals  are  divided  into 

VERTEBRAL,  having  back-bones. 

A  VERTEBRAL,  destitute  of  back-bones. 

VERTEBRAL  animals  are  divided  into 

1.  QUADRUPEDS,  the  science  of  which  has  no  popular 
name.     It  includes   four  footed  animals  ;    as  ox,   dog, 
mouse. 

2.  BIRDS,  the  science  of  which  is  called  ornithology. 
It  includes  the  feathered  tribe  ;  as  pigeon,  goose,  wren. 

3.  AMPHIBIOUS  ANIMALS,  the  science  of  which  is  call- 
ed amphibiology.    It  includes  those  cold-blooded  animals, 
which  are  capable  of  living  on  dry  land  or  in  the  water  $ 
as  tortoise,  lizard,  serpent,  frog. 

4.  FISH,  the  science  of  which  is  called  ichthyology.  It 
includes  all  aquatic  animals,  which  have  gills  and  fins  $ 
as  shad,  trout,  sturgeon,  eel. 

AVERTEBRAL  animals  are  divided  into 

5.  INSECTS,  the  science  of  which  is  called  entomology 
It  includes  all  animals  with  jointed  bodies,  which  have 
jointed  limbs  ;  as  flies,  spiders,  lobsters. 

6.  VERMES,  the  science  of  which  is  called  helminthol- 
ogy.     It  includes  all  soft  animals  of  the  avertebral  divis- 
ion, which  have  no  jointed  limbs,  with  or  without  hard 
coverings  ;  as  angle- worms,  snails,  oysters,  polypi,  in- 
fusory  animals. 


28  ELEMENTARY    TERMS. 

Remarks.  These  popular  divisions  arc  inserted  for 
ilie  purpose  of  giving  (lie  mind  of  the  student  the  right; 
direction,  in  regard  to  t he  language  to  \\hich  he  has 
been  accustomed.  For  the  same  purpose,  he  should  he 
guarded  against  considering  lava  as  entitled  to  a  place 
among  venues.  Though  lai  vaare  usually  called  worms, 
they  are  insects  on  the  transmigi  atorv  passage  from  the 
egg  to  the  \\inged  state.  Therefore  the  .student  is  to 
consider  the  caterpillar,  the  maggot,  the  web-making 
larva,  and  all  other  common  animals  called  worms,  ex- 
cepting the  angle- worm,  as  insects. 

KLKMKNTARV  PARTS  OF  ANIMALS. 

In  describing  animals,  their  bodies  are  divided  into 
ten  parts.  1.  Head,  2.  Neck,  3.  Thorax,  4.  Abdomen, 
:>.  Fore-legs,  6.  Hind  legs,  7.  Fore  feet.  8.  Hind  feet, 
^  Toes,  10.  Tail.  Four  common  appendages  are  in- 
cluded, as  elementary  parts.  1.  Horns,  £.  Noses,  3. 
Smellers,  4.  Ctnering.  These  parts  are  not  found  as 
constituents  or  appendages  of  all  animals  ;  but  all  ani- 
mals are  made  up  of  more  or  less  of  them,  or  of  what 
are  analagous  to  them. 

AfTAiLAGOUS    IVVUTS    OF    AMMALS. 

1,  Mammalia,  head — Aves,  head — Amphibia,  head— ~ 
Pisces,  head — In.sects,  head — Vermos,  fore  end. 

),  Mam.  neek — A\.nerk — Am.  neck-— Pi.  none — In. 
neck  or  none — Ver.  none. 

C,.  Mam.  thorax — Av.  thorax — Am.  thorax — Pi.  thorax 
—  In.  thosax — Ver.  nothing. 

4.  Mam.  abdomen — AN.  abdomen — Am.  abdomen — PL 
abdoiiien — in-  abdomen — Ver.  abdomen. 

5.  Mam.   fore  legs — Av.    wings — Am.    fore  legs — Pi, 
nothing — In.  wings  or  nothing — Ver.  nothing. 


ELEMENTARY    TERMS.  29 

6.  Mam.  liintl  legs — Av.  legs — Am.  hind  legs — Pi.  noth- 
ing— In.  legs — Ver.  fleshy  processes  or  nothing. 

7.  Mam.  fore  feet — Av.  quill-feathers — Am.  forefeet — 
Pi.  pectoral  fins — In.  nothing — Ver.  nothing. 

8.  Mam.  hind  feet — Av.  feet — Am.  hind  feet — Pi.  cau- 
dal fins — In.  tarsi — Ver.  nothing. 

9.  Mam.  toes — Av.  toes — Am.  toes — Pi.  rays — In.  hooks 
— Ver.  nothing. 

10.  Mam.  tail — Av.  rump  and  feathers — Am.  tail  or  no- 
thing— Pi.  tail — In.  tail  or  nothing-— Ver.  tail  or  no- 
thing. 

APPENDAGES. 

11.  Mam.  horns  or  nothing — Av.  caruncle,  crown  or 
nothing — Am.  spines  or  nothing — Pi.  spines  or  no- 
thing— In.  antennae — Ver.  nothing. 

12.  Mam.  probosis  or  nose — Av,  beak — Am.  nose — Pi. 
nose — In.  proboscis  or  mandibles — Ver.  nothing, 

13.  Mam.  smellers  or  nothing — Av.  nothing — Am.  no- 
thing— Pi.  tenlaculse  or  nothing — In.  palpi — Ver.  ten- 
taculse. 

14.  Mam.  hair — Av.  feathers — Am.  crust,  shell  or  no- 
thing— Pi.  scales — In.  crust,  scales  or  nothing — Ver. 
shell,  stoney  tube  or  nothing. 

I.  RELATING  TO  THE  HEAR 
OCCIPITAL,  pertaining  to  the  back  part  of  the  head, 
LORES,  the  naked  lines  on  a  bird's  head  between  the 

eyes  and  the  base  of  the  bill. 
AURICLES,  ear-like  feathers. 
MANDIBLES,  the  upper  and  lower  jaws  of  a  bird's  beak 

or  bill. 

CERE,  membrane  covering  the  base  of  a  bird's  bill. 
FRONTLET,  the  part  back  of  the  base  of  a  bird's 

generally  fcristly. 

3* 


30  ELEMENTARY   TERMS. 

CULTRATE,  a  beak  resembling  a  pruning-knife  or  coul- 
ter. 

WATTLES,  fleshy  appendages  under  the  chin. 

MissiLE-TONGue,  which  may  be  thrust  far  out  of  the 
mouth. 

NICTITANT-MEMBRANE,  a  semi-transparent  eye-lid. 

EXSERT,  teeth,  &c.  projecting  out. 

INCISORS,  front,  or  cutting  teeth. 

CUSPIDATES,  canine  teeth,  next  to  Incisors. 

MOLARES,  grinders,  the  teeth  farthest  backiri  the  mouth* 

VIBRISSAE,  smellers,  hair  of  the  nostrils. 

PROTRUSILE,  when  the  head  may  be  thrust  out. 

RETRACTILE,  when  the  head  may  be  drawn  in. 

EFFUSE,  with  a  pouring  outlet,  like  a  pitcher  nose  in 
the  mouth  of  sontfe  shells,  as  cyprea. 

BYSSUS,  silky  fibres  at  the  hinge  or  head  of  some  shells. 

BEARD,  tendril-form  appendage  to  mouths  of  fish. 

GILL-COVERS,  the  bony  or  cartilagenous  substance  pla- 
ced on  the  gill-membrane. 

GILL-MEMBRANE,  the  membrane  covering  the  gills. 

BRONCHIAL,  pertaining  to  the  gills. 

STEMMATA,  small  lucid  globules  resembling  eyes,  012 
the  top  of  the  head  ;  generally  three  in  number. 

II.    RELATING  TO  THE  NECK. 

SCRAG,  back  of  a  bird's  neck. 

INDISTINCT,  when  the  head  and  breast  grow  in  one 
piece. 

III.  RELATING  TO  THE  THORAX  OR  BREAST. 
VENTRICLES,  the  larger  cavities  of  the  heart. 
AURICLES,  the  smaller  cavities,  above  the  larger,  and 
resembling  ears  in  appearance. 


ELEMENTARY    TERMS.  31 

LATERAL-LINE,  the  side-line  of  many  fish,  dividing  the 

hack  from  the  belly. 
DORSAL,  relating  to  the  back. 

DORSAL  FINS,  any  back-fin  between  the  head  and  tail-fin. 
PECTORAL- FINS,  a  pair  growing  on  each  side  the  breat. 
POISERS  or  HALTERS,  globules  on  slender  stems  under 

the  wings  of  some  two- winged  insects. 
SCUTEL,  or  ESCUTCHEON,  a  piece  between  the  bases  of 

the  upper  wings,  on  the  backs  of  insects. 
HYALINE  SCUTEL,  &c.  glass-like. 

IV.  RELATING  TO  THE  ABDOMEN  OR  BELLY. 

NAYANT,  floating  in  water. 

TURBINATE,  shaped  like  a  top. 

PHOSPHORESCENT,  emitting  light  in  the  dark. 

ABDOMINAL,  relating  to  the  belly. 

ABDOMINAL-RINGS,  annulas,  or  ring-form  segments  of 
the  bell^  of  insects  ;  generally  5. 

CLOACA,  a  general  vent,  where  eggs,  urine  and  foeces 
are  evacuated. 

VENT,  the  aperture  in  fish  where  foeces,  &c.  are  dis- 
charged. 

ANAL-FINS,  one  or  more  between  the  vent  and  caudal 
fins. 

ABDOMINAL-PINS,  any  where  under  the  fish,  between  the 
head  and  vent. 

V.  RELATING  TO  FORE  LEGS  AND  WINGS; 

AULULET,  (spurious  wing,)  a  tuft  of  3  or  5  feathers  on 
the  outer  fore-joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

TECTRICS,  (wing-coverts,)  the  longest  feathers  in  a 
wing,  next  above  the  quilla. 

MINOR-TECTRICS,  (lesser  wing-coverts,)  the  wing-fea- 
thers above  the  tec  tries. 


32  ELEMENTARY   TERMS, 

ARTICULATED,  united  by  a  joint 
ELYTRA,  the  upper  shelly  wings  of  insects. 
TRUNCATE,  appearing  as  if  abruptly  cut  off  at  the  end, 
RETUSE,  ending  in  an  obtuse  sinus,  or  rounded  notch* 
DEFLEX,  wings  bent  down  arch- wise. 
OCELLATE,  eye-form  spots. 

VL    RELATING  TO  THE  HIND  LEGS. 

LEGS  of  insects  are  always  6  or  more  ;  and  are  divided 
into  thigh,  shank  and  tarsus. 

FETTERED  LEGS,  partly  involved  in  the  intigunem  of 
the  abdomen,  or  bent  back,  so  as  to  be  unfit  for  walk- 
ing with  facility. 

VII.     RELATING  TO  FORE  FEET,  &c. 

PRIMARY  REMIGKS  (quill  feathers,)  the  outer  and  lar- 
gest quills  of  the  wings. 

SECONDARY  REMIGES,  smaller  quills,  adjoining  the  pri- 
maries. 

TERTJALS,  inner  smallest  quills,  adjoining  the  seconda- 
ries. 

PECTORAL-FINS,  on  each  side  of  the  breast,  behind  th$ 
gills. 

RAYS,  the  fibres  or  bony  spines  of  fins  and  gill  mem- 
branes. 

VIII.    RELATING  TO  THE  HIND-FEET, 

NATANT,  feet  and  appendages  formed  for  swirnirig. 

GRESSORAL,  feet  formed  for  running  or  walking,  with 
three  toes  forward  and  one  back  ;  the  two  outer  toes 
mostly  jointed  halfway. 

SCANSORIAL,  feet  formed  for  climbing  \  two  toes  forward 
and  two  back. 

PERCHING,  grasping,  hawk-lrke. 

CHEIATE  CLAWS,  forcipated  foremost  feet  in  some  in- 
sects* as  lobster. 


ELEMENTARY    TERMS.  83 

TARSUS,*  the  ancle  or  foot  of  an  insect,  generally  long 

and  many-jointed. 
CAUDAL  FINS,  on  the  end  of  fishes  tails, 

IX.    RELATING  TO  THE  TAIL. 

PREHENSILE,  formed  for  coiling  around,  and  holding 
by,  substances. 

RUMP,  the  cordate  process  supporting  the  tail  of  a  bird* 

TAIL-FEATHERS,  the  large  feathers  of  the  tail,  general- 
ly 12,  sometimes  10,  18,  20,  24. 

EXPANSILE,  capable  of  being  spread. 

TAIL-COVERTS,  the  clump  of  feathers  next  above  the 
rump. 

UiioPTGiAL,  (or  hypochondriac,)  several  long  feathers 
above  on  each  side  the  tail,  differing  in  form  from  the 
others. 

X.  RELATING  TO  THE  HORNS,  ANTEN- 
NAE, &c. 

ANTENNJB,  the  horns  or  jointed  processes  on  the  heads 
of  insects,  generally  forward  of  the  eyes.  They  are 
short,  when  riot  so  long  as  the  body  ;  long,  when  lon- 
ger ;  moderate,  when  about  equal. 

SETACEOUS  ANTENNA,  shaped  like  a  bristle,  tapering 
from  base  to  point. 

FUSIFORM,  spindle-form,  being  largest  near  the  middle 
and  tapering  both  ways. 

LAMINATED,  consisting  of  several  thin  flat  portions. 

FILIFORM,  thread-form,  of  nearly  equal  size  through  its 
whole  length. 

CLAVATE,  club-form,  thickening  at  the  end,  sometimes 
ending  in  a  knob. 

*  In  numbering  the  joints,  the  last  cylindric  one  is  reckoned,  leaving 
nothing  out  of  the  number  but  minute  claws  at  the  very  tip. 


34  ELEMENTARY    TERMS. 

PERFORATE,  knobs  or  joints  flattened  into  circular 
plates,  so  that  the  antenna  seems  to  pass  through  their 
centre. 

MONILIFORM,  joints  more  or  less  globular,  so  that  the 
whole  in  some  manner  resembles  a  string  of  beads. 

SERRATE,  joints  so  formed  that  the  sides  of  the  antennse 
resemble  saw-teeth. 

PECTINATE,  comb-form,  numerous  fine  processes  along 
one  or  both  sides,  pointing  somewhat  towards  the  tip* 

BARBATE,  processes  pointing  backward. 

FISSILE,  split  at  the  tip  into  several  flat  separations. 

PRISMATIC,  having  two  or  more  flat  sides. 

DIFFRACTED,  twice  bent ;  first  outwardly,  then  for- 
ward, as  in  ants. 

CARUNCLE,  fleshy  protuberance  on  the  heads  of  some 
birds,  as  tnrkies, 

XL  RELATING  TO  PROBOSCES,  NOSES,  TEN- 

TACULA.  &c. 

PROBOSCIS,  elongated  tubular  snout  or  sucker. 
TENTACULA,  the  arms,  or  feelers,  of  insects  and  vermes. 
PALPI,  the  feelers  attached  to  mouths  of  insects. 
LENTICULAR,  resembling  small  lentils  which  are  some- 
what the  form  of  the  convex  glasses  in  spectacles. 

XII.    RELATING  TO  HAIR,  FEATHERS,  &c. 

CINEREOUS,  greyish,  colour  of  ashes. 

SCAPULARS,  feathers  descending  down  each  side  of  the 

back. 
INTERSCAPULARS,  the  back-feathers,  between  the  bases 

of  the  wings. 

MAILED,  covered  with  a  kind  of  long  hard  armor. 
GATAPHRACTED,  callous  skin,  or  cartilagenous  scales. 


ELEMENTARY   TERMS.  35 

MURICATE,  clothed  with  sharp  rigid  points. 
ECHINATE,  covered  with  prickles,  as  hedge-hog. 
TOROSE,  knobbed,  like  a  toad. 
PAPILLOSE,  covered  with  fleshy  pimples. 
LACUKOSE,  covered  with  small  pits. 
PRUINOSE,  covered  with  frost-like  meal. 
PELLUCID,  clear,  transparent. 

XIII.    RELATING  TO  REPRODUCTION. 

VIVIPAROUS,  bringing  forth  young  without  eggs,  being 

first  produced  alive. 
OVIPAROUS,  young  from  eggs. 
STOLONIFEROUS,  produced  by  cions  or  shoots. 
OVUM,  the  egg  as  first  produced  from  the  animal. 
LARVA,  animal  in  the  caterpillar  or  maggot  state. 
PUPA,  (aurelia,  nymph,  chrysolis,)  quiescent  state  of  an 

insect  after  passing  from  the  larva. 
IMAGO,  the  perfect,  full-formed  insect. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  ANIMALS. 

Having  considered  the  animal  kingdom  with 
reference  to  the  succession  of  animals  in  the  or- 
der of  creation,  and  the  sentient  principle  ;  we 
now  commence  with  a  system  of  classification, 
adapted  to  the  analysis  of  animals,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  ascertaining  generic  and  specific  names. 

TlIE    VBUTEBKAL    ANIMALS    ARE    DISTRIBUTED 
INTO    TOUR    CLASSES. 

1.  MAMMALIA,  viviparous  and  the  young  nour- 
ished by  the  milk  of  the  dam. 

Heart  with  two  ventricles  and  two  auricles. — 
Lungs  respire  alternately. 

Examples.  Man,  ape,  bear,  beaver,  sloth,  horse, 
ox,  whale. 

2.  AVES,  oviparous,  having  two  wings  and  two 
feet. 

Heart  with  two  ventricles  and  two  auricles,  ce- 
vering  imbricate  feathers.  Lungs  ventilated  by 
alternate  contractions  and  expansions  of  air  cells 
below  them  ;  not  by  their  own  motion.  Jaws,  or 
mandibles,  naked  and  without  teeth.  Ears  with- 
out auricles. 

Examples.  Hawk,  swallow,  parrot,  hen,  crane; 
goose. 

3.  AMPHIBIA,  capable  of  suspending  respiration 
a  long  time,  without  impeding  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.*     Oviparous  or  viviparous,  without  jins. 

Heart  with  one  ventricle.  Cold-blooded,  cov- 
ered with  strong  scales  or  with  a  naked  skin. 

*  Cuvier  and  several  other  zoologists  substitute  rtptilia  for  amphibia, 
Cuvier's  own  definition  is  founded  on  the  amphibious  nature  of  thJS 
class  ;  while  the  lizard  and  frog  are  not  rtptilious. 

4 


38  CLASSES. 

Examples.     Tortoise,  lizard,  snake,  frog,  sal 
amander,  proteus,  siren. 

4.  PISCES,  oviparous,  having  fins,  and  no  feet* 
Heart  with  one  ventricle,  blood  cold,  gills  sub- 
stituted for  lungs,  covering  imbricate  scales. 

Examples,  Sturgeon,  sunfish,  pipefish,  shad, 
bullhead. 

ARTICULATED  ANIMALS 

ARE    DIVIDED    INTO    FOUR    CLASSES. 

5.  ANNELIDA,  without  a  bony  skeleton  and  hav- 
ing red  blood      Body  soft,  elongated  ;  covering  di- 
vided info  numerous  tron\verse  rings. 

Mostly  living  in  water.  Some  of  them  secrete 
calcareous  matter,  which  forms  a  stony,  tubular 
covering. 

Examples.  Earth-worm  (angle- worm)  sea- 
pipe,  leech,  hair-snake. 

6.  CRUSTACEA,    animals    with   jointed    limbsy 
'Which  are  articulated  to  a  hard  calcareous  crust. 
They  respire  by  a  kind  of  gills. 

Their  gills  are  pyramidal,  made  up  of  plates,  or 
bristly  with  threads,  plumes  or  simple  plates. 
They  generally  occupy  the  base  of  the  feet.  They 
liave  mostly  four  antennae,  ten  feet  and  six  jaws  : 
one  under  lip  is  always  wanting. 

Example.     Lobsters,  crabs,  horse-hoofs. 

7.  ARACHNID  A,  animals  with  jointed  limbs,  with- 
out antenna      They  respire  by  little  openings  at  or 
near  the  termination  of  the  thorax,  which  lead  to 
organs  resembling  lungs  ;  or  by  little  trachea  or 
pipes  distributed  over  the  whole  body. 

The  head  and  thorax  are  blended  together. 
They  have  mostly  six  or  eight  eyes,  and  eight 


CLASSES.  39 

feet.      They  feed   chiefly  upon  living   animals. 
They  do  not  pass  through   any  material  change 
after  they  are  produced,,  as  insects  do. 
Examples.     Spider,  grey-heard. 

8.  INSECTA,  animals  with  jointed  limbs,  and  an- 
tente.      They  respire  by  two  principal  trachea  or 
pipes  running  parallel  to  each  other  through   the 
whole  body  ;  which   throw  off  at  intervals  many 
branches  to  the  surface  of  the  body,  through  which 
air  is  admitted. 

The  head  and  thorax  are  distinct,  antennae  two. 
They  are  mostly  winged,  having  one  or  two  pair : 
a  few  are  without  wings.  They  have  six  feet, 
excepting  thai  some  of  the  wingless  genera  have 
more  :  their  mouths  consist  of  six  pieces,  dispos- 
ed in  pairs,  but  do  not  all  move  in  the  same  direction. 
One  pair  is  sometimes  called  the  mouth  or  mandi- 
bles, another  the  lips,  another  is  a  kind  of  cloven 
tongue.  In  some  insects  the  mandibles  become  a 
kind  of  beak.  Most  insects  pass  through  several 
states  of  transmigration.  1.  The  egg,  2.  the  lar- 
va, 3.  the  chrysalis,  4.  the  perfect  insect 

Example.  Thousand-leg,  flea,  grasshopper, 
butterfly,  miller,  house-fly. 

MOLLUSCOUS  ANIMALS 

ARE     INCLUDED    IN    ONE*    CLASS. 

9.  MOLLUSC. \,  bodies  soft  without internal skele- 
ton, external  crust  or  jointed  limbs.      Covering,  a 
soft   skin    -without  rings  ;  sometimes   defended  by 
stony  plates. 

Blood  white  or  bluish.  Their  muscles  being 
attached  to  the  skin  without  any  solid  supporters  ; 

*  Cuvier  divides  them  into  six  classes.  But  it  appears  to  be  more 
convenient  to  make  orders  of  such  obscure  classes. 


10  CLASSES. 

their   motions  consist  in  various  curvilinear  con 
tractions,  contortions  and  elongations. 
Examples.     Snail,  slug,  oyster,  clam. 

RADIATED  ANIMALS 

ARE    DIVIDED     INTO    FIVE    CLASSES. 

10.  ECHINODERMA,  spine  covered  animals.    rfhey 
have  intestinal  organs  of  respiration  and  for  a  par- 
tial circulation. 

Their  organized  structure  is  more  complicated 
than  that  of  any  other  class  of  this  division. 
Examples.    Sea-star  or  star  fishr  sea-hedgehog. 

11.  INTESTINA,  animals  inhabiting  the  bodies  of 
other  animals.      They  have  no  discoverable  organs 

for  respiration  or  for  circulation. 

They  are  generally  oval,  long,  terete  or  com- 
pressed ;  with  their  organs  longitudinally  ar- 
ranged. Some  have  an  intestinal  canal,  others 
have  none.  They  generally  inhabit  the  intes- 
tines,* glands,  or  cellular  integuments  of  othor 
animals. 

Examples.     Tape- worm,  hydatids. 

12.  ACALEPHAJ  circular  radiated  animals,  with- 
out organs  of  respiration  or  circulation. 

They  are  the  largest  of  the  Zophytes.  They 
differ  from  the  class  Polypi  by  the  developement 
of  the  tissue  of  their  organs. 

Examples.     Sea-anemone,  zoanthus,  kraken? 

13.  POLYPI,  small  gelatinous  animals  with  mouths 
surrounded  by  tentaculte*      The   conducting  tube^ 
passing  into  the  stomach)  simple  or  passing  down  in 
the  form  of  vessels 

*  Cuvier  says,  the  most  efficacious  vermifuge  is  animal  oil  mixed 
with  oil  of  tnrpentine. 


ORDERS.  41 

This  class  embraces  that  numerous  tribe  of 
compound  animals  which  inhabit  or  rather  com- 
pose, fixed  stems,  often  called  marine  plants. 

Examples.     Corals,  sponges,  sea-fans. 

14.  INFUSORIA,  animals  which  abeund  in  stag- 
nant  liquids  only  ;  and  which  cannot  be  discovered 
without  the  microscope. 

Most  of  these  animals  are  gelatinous  without 
any  organized  viscera.  But  some  of  them  are 
more  or  less  complicated  in  their  structure  ;  hav- 
ing a  stomach  and  organs  for  motion. 

Examples.     Vibrio,  volvox. 

CLASS  MAMMALIA 

IS    DIVIDED    INTO    EIGHT    ORDERS. 

1.  BIMANI,    having   two  hands   and  cuspidate 
teeth. 

Example.     Man. 

2.  QuADRUMANi,  having  four  hands  and  cuspi- 
date teeth, 

Examples.     Ape,  ourang-outang* 

3.  CARNIVORI,    having   cuspidate    teeth9    toes 
with  nails  and  no  thumbs. 

Examples.  Bat,  hedgehog,  shrewmouse,  mole, 
bear,  martin,  dog,  wolf,  weazle,  cat,  leopard, 
seal,  opossum. 

4.  ARROSORES,  (rongeurs)  gnaivers,  or  animals 
having  incisors  in  both  jaws  ana  no  cuspidate  teeth  ; 
toes  with  nails  ;  feeding  almost  wholly  on  vegetable 
substances. 

Examples.     Beaver,  rat,  squirrel,  hare. 

5.  EDENTATA,    animals  without  incisors,    and 
with  hoof-like  nails. 

*4 


431.  ORDERS. 

Examples*     Sloth,  armadillo,  duckbill. 

6.  PACHYDERMA,  thick-skin  animals,  with  hoofs 
and  without  clavicles. 

Examples.  Elephant,  mastodon  (extinct)  hip- 
popotamus, hog,  rhinoceros,  paleotherium  (ex- 
tinct,) tapir,  horse,  zebra. 

7.  RUMIN  ANTES,   animals  which   chew  the  cud? 
have  incisors  below  only,  and  feet  with,  cloven  hoofs. 

Examples.  Camel,  musk,  deer,  giraff,  ante- 
lope, goat,  sheep,  ox. 

8.  CETE,  aquatic  animals,  without  any  hind  feet  ; 
And  whose  fore  feet  are   degenerated  into  Jin-like 
limbs* 

Examples.  Whale,  dolphin,  porpoise,  nar- 
whal, physeter. 

II.     CXASS  AVES 

IS    DIVIDED    INTO    SIX    ORDERS. 

1.  ACCIPITRES,  birds  of  prey,  with  strong  hook- 
ed beaks  and  claws.      They  have  Jour  toes  ;  the 
thumb- toe,  and  the  inner  one  of  the  other  three  are 
largest. 

They  are  carnivorous  ;  feeding  on  other  birds, 
or  small  quadrupeds,  reptiles,  &c. 

Examples.  Vulture,  hawk,  buzzard,  eagle. 
owl. 

2.  PASSERES,  sparrow-like  birds  ;  including  all 
which  are  not  swimmers,  waders,  or  runners,  climb- 
ersy  birds  oj  prey,  or  of  the  gallinaceous  kind. 

Examples.  Grackle,  fly-catcher,  thrush,  crow, 
oriole,  warbler,  wren,  swallow,  hum-bird,  king- 
trird  or  bee-eater,  king-fisher;  lark,  sparrow, 


ORDERS.  43 

3.  SCANSORES,  (grimpeurs,)  climbers  ;  includ- 
ing   those    birds   -whose  outer  toe  is  directed  back' 
wards  with  the  thumb-toe,    by  which  they  are  sup- 
ported in  climbing   and  in  fastening   themselves  fa 
trunks  of  trees. 

Examples.  Woodpecker,  wryneck,  cuckoo^ 
barbet,  parrot,  parrakeet. 

4.  GTALLINACES,    including   all  gallinaceous    or 
henlike  birds.     Forward  toes  united  partially  at  the 
base  and  jagged  along  their  edges. 

Examples.  Peacock,  turkey,  pheasant,  hen^ 
grous,  patridge,  quail,  pigeon. 

5.  GRALLATORES,  (echassiers,)   large-stepping 
birds,   mostly  with,   the   two  outer    toes   partially 
united. 

They  either  wade  in  water  or  ruu  on  dry  land. 
The  strong-billed  kind  mostly  live  on  fish  ;  those 
with  slender  bills  feed  on  insects. 

Examples,  Ostrich,  lapwing,  plover,  oyster- 
catcher,  crane,  stork,  heron,  boat-bill,  ibis,  spoon- 
bill, woodcock,  curlew,  sand-piper,  screamer,  rail, 
coot,  water-hen,  flamingo. 

6.  ANSERES,  (palinipedes,)y£e£  palmate^  most- 
ly having  the  toes  connected  by  membranes^  and 

formed  for  swimming 

Examples.  Diver,  merganser,  auk,  penguin, 
petrel,  albatross,  gull,  tern,  skimmer,  pelican; 
goose,  duck,  swan* 

III.     CLASS  AMPHIBIA 

IS    DIVIDED    INTO    FOUR    ORDERS. 

1.  CHELONIA,  reptiles  with  two  auricles  to  the 
heart  ;  having  back  shells  and  four  feet. 


44  ORDERS. 

Examples.     Tortoise,  turtle,  matmata. 

2.  SAURIA,  reptiles   having  two  auricles  to  the 
heart ;  covered  with  scales  and  having  four  feet. 

Examples.     Crocodile,  lizard,  basalisk,  drag- 
on, charnelion. 

3.  OPHIDIA,  reptiles   with  two   auricles  to  the 
heart,  and  destitute  of  feet. 

Examples.  Serpents  or  snakes,  hydra  and  vi- 
per. 

4.  B  ATRAC  HI  A,  reptiles   with  one  auricle  to  the 
heart,  body  naked  and  having  four  or  two  feet. 

Examples  Frog,  toad,  tree-toad,  salamander, 
proteus,  siren. 

IV.     CLASS  PISCES 

IS    DIVIDED    INTO    SIX    ORDERS. 

1.  APODES,*  gill- membranes  (if  any}  with  long 
rays  ;  ventral  jinx  none. 

Examples.     Eel,  sword-fish. 

2.  JUGULAIIES,  gill  membranes  with  bony  rays  ; 
ventral  Jin s  bejore  the  pectoral. 

Examples.     Codfish,  blenny. 

3.  THORACICI,  gill  membranes  with  bony  rays  ; 
vertebral  fins  under  the  ptctoral. 

Examples.  Bullhead,  flounder,  hollibut,  mack- 
erel. 

4.  ABDOMINALES,   gill-membranes    with     long 
rays  ';  ventral  Jins  buck  of  the  pectoral. 

Examples.  Salmon,  trout,  sea-pipe,  shad,  carp, 

*  I  adopt  the  orders  of  Linneus  in  this  class  j  because,  in  my  opin- 
ion, they  are  preferable  to  those  of  Cuvier,  and  will  eventually  be 
retained. 


ORDERS.  45 

5.  BRAKCHJOSTEGUS,     skeleton     cartilaginous  ^ 
without   ribs  ;    having  gill  membranes  ;    with    or 
without  gill-covers. 

Examples.      Sucker,  mullet,  sun-fish, 

6.  CHONDROPTERYGIOUS,    skeleton    cartilagen- 
ous>  without  ribs  ;  gill- membranes  wanting  ;  with 
vr  without  gill- cover $. 

Examples.     Lamprey,  ray,  shark,  sturgeon, 

V.  CLASS  ANNELIDA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  THREE  ORDERS. 

1.  TUBICOLA,    articulated,  semi-mdluseous  ani- 
vials,  with  red  blood,  encased  in  calcareous  tubes. 

Examples.  Serpula  or  sea-pipe,  arnphitrite, 
tooth-shell  or  dentalium. 

2.  DORSIBRANCHIA,  back-gilled.    Their  respira- 
tory organs  are  distributed  all  along  the  body  to- 
wards one  side,  called  the  back, 

Examples.     Nereis,  aphrodite. 

3.  ABRANCHIA,  having  no  gills  or  other  respira- 
tory organs  ;  but  their  respiration  is  performed  by 
the  entire  surface  of  the  skin. 

Examples.  Angle-worm,  leech  or  blood-suck- 
er, nais,  gordius  or  hair  snake. 

VJ.  CLASS  CRUSTACEA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  FIVE  ORDERS. 

t.  DECAPODIA,  ten  footed.  Head  confounded 
with  the  trum  ;  eyes  movvable  ;  mandibles  with 
palpi  or  feelers* 

The  gills  are  situated  at  the  outer  base  of  the 
feet*  A  numerous  order. 

Example.     Crabs,  lobsters. 


46  ORDERS. 

• 

2.  STOMAPODIA,  body-footed.  Head  distinct 
from  the  trunk,  and  divided  into  two  parts  ;  and  the 
fore  part  bears  the  antennae  and  the  moveable  eyes  ; 
mandibles  bearing  palpi. 

The  gills  are  plume-like. 

Example.     Crawfish. 

8.  AMPHiFODiA?t/e^  all  the  length  of  the  body. 
Head  distinct  from  the  body,  being  one  piece  only  ; 
eyes  immovable  ;  mandibles  bearing  palpi. 

The  gills  or  respiratory  organs  are  vesicles  si- 
tuated at  the  interior  base  of  the  feet. 

Example.     Gamrnarus. 

4.  ISOPODIA,  equal  footed.     Head  generally  dis- 
tinct from  the  trunk  ;  mouth  composed  of  several 

jaws  ;  mandibles  without  palpi,  but  the  two  lower 
jaws  resemble  a  lip  bearing  two  palpi, 

Gills  or  respiratory  organs  generally  situated 
on  the  under  side  of  the  trunk. 

Examples.     Oniscus,  sowhug. 

5.  BiiANcmi'ODKS,  gills  or  respirable  organs  on 
the  fin-like  feet.     Mouth  is  sometimes  in  the  form 
of  a  beak,  other  times  composed  of  many  jaws  ; 
no  palpi. 

Examples.     Limulus,  cecrops,  cyclops. 

VII.  CLASS  ARACHNIDA 

IS  DIVIDED   INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

d.  PULMONAIUA,  having  pulmonary  or  respira- 
tory sacks 

Examples,  Aranea  or  proper  spider^  mygale^ 
tarantula,  scorpion. 

2.  TRACHENIA,  respiratory  organs  are  trachea 
or  radiated  and  branched  tubes. 


ORDERS.  47 

Examples.  Galeodes,  shepherd  or  phalangita, 
mite  er  acorus. 

VIII.     CLASS  INSECTA 

IS  DIVIDED    INTO    TWELVE  ORDERS. 

1.  MYRIAPODIA,  many-footed.      Wingless. 
The  number  of  their  feet  above  six,  disposed 

along  the  whole  extent  of  the  body  upon  a  succes- 
sion of  rings,  one  or  two  pair  to  each  ring  ;  the 
first  and  sometimes  the  second  make  part  of  the 
mouth. 

Examples.  Julus  or  round  centipede,  poly- 
desmus,  scolopendra  or  flat  centipede. 

2.  THYSANOURA,/^^^.      Wingless. 

They  walk  upon  but  six  feet ;  but  they  have 
other  particular  organs  of  movement  along  the 
sides  or  at  the  extremity  of  the  body,  giving  it 
somewhat  the  appearance  of  being  fringed  or  be- 
set with  bristles. 

Examples.     Lepisma,  podura. 

8.  PARASITA,  parasites,  crawling  upon  oilier  an- 
imals- Wingless . 

They  have  two  smooth  eyes  :  a  snout  enclosing 
a  retractile  sucker. 

Examples.  Pediculus  or  louse,  ricinus  or  bird 
louse. 

4.  SUTORIA,    suckers.      Wingless.       The  beak 
consists  of 'a  sucker  enclosed  in  a  cylindric  sheath  of 
two  articulated  pieces 

Example.     Pulex  or  flea. 

5.  COLEOPTERA,  sheath-winged.      Having  four 
wings  ;  the  outer  pair  (called  elytra]  being  crusta- 
ceous  cases,  and  the  inner  pair  folded  transversely. 


48  OBDEHS. 

They  are  the  most  numerous  and  best  known  ©f 
all  insects.  They  are  easily  preserved,  and  make 
a  beautiful  appearance  in  cases  under  glass. 

Examples.  Cicindela,  carabus,  dytiscus,  gyri- 
Mus,  elater  or  taupin  (the  snap-bug)  ptinus,  bister, 
silpha,  dermestes,  (leather-chaffer)  hydrophilus, 
(diver)  scarabeus,  (beetle)  lytta,  (blistering  fly) 
cerambyx,  (goat-chaffer)  coccinella,  (lady-bird.) 

6.  ORTHOPTERA,  strait-winged.     Having  four 
wings  ;  the  outer  pair  being  generally  coriaceous, 
and  the  inner  pair  pcaited  longitudinally. 

Their  mandibles  and  jaws  formed  for  mastica- 
tion. They  are  all  dry-land  insects. 

Examples.  Forficula,  (ear-wig)  blatta,  (cock- 
roach) mantis,  (soothsayer)  phasma,  (spectre) 
phyllum,  (walking-leaf)  gryllus,  (grass-hopper 
locust.) 

7.  HEMIPTERA,    half-winged.       Having  four 
wings  ;  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  pair  generally 
crustaceans,  and  the  lower  part  membranaceoits,  and 
almost  always  crossing  each  other. 

They  have  no  jaws,  but  a  sucking  beak. 

Examples.  Cimrx,  (bug)  nepa,  (water-scor- 
pion) notoriecta,  (boat-fly)  fulgora,  (fire-fly)  thrips, 
aphis,  (plant-louse)  coccus,  (cochineal.) 

8.  NEUROPTERA,  nerve-winged.     Having  four 
nuked  membranaceous  wings,  finely  reticulated ;  the 
inner  pair  as  large  as  the  outer ;  or  larger  one  way. 

Their  mandibles  and  jaws  are  formed  for  mas- 
tication. Outer  and  inner  wings  alike. 

Examples.  Ephemera,  (day-fly)  panorpa, 
(scorpion-fly)  myrmeleon,  (lion-ant)  hemerobius, 
(golden  eye)  raphidia,  termes,  (ticking  insect) 
phryganea,  (cadow-fly.) 


OHDESS.  46 

9.  HYMENOPTERA,  membrane-winged*     Having 
Jour  naked  membranaceous  wings  ;  the  inner  or  pos- 
terior pair  smaller  than  the  others. 

Their  mandibles  and  jaws  are  formed  for  mas- 
tication. Outer  wings  less  nerved  than  those  of 
the  neuroptera.  A  large  order. 

Examples.  Tenthredo,  (saw-fly)  cymbex, 
urocerata,  (tailed-wasp)  ichneumon,  sphex,  (soli- 
tary wasp)  cynips,  (gall-fly)  chrysis,  (golden 
wasp)  formica,  (ant)  vespa,  (wasp)  apis,  (bee)  11 
feellula. 

10.  LEPIDOPTERA,  scaly-winged.     Having  four 
mcmbranaceous  wings  covered  with  small  scales  re- 
sembling dust. 

They  have  a  double  coiled  hollow  tongue  sub- 
stituted for  jaws.  An  elegant  and  extensive  or- 
der. 

Examples.    Papilio,  (butterfly)  sphinx,  (hawk 
miller)  phalsena,  (candle-miller.) 

11.  RHIPTERA,    thrust-winged.      Having  two 
membranaceous  wings  plaited  into  a  fan,  with  two 
small  elytra-like  or  crustaceous  moveable  bodies  mar 
the  origin  of  the  membranaceous  wings  at  the  poste* 
rior  part  of  the  corslet. 

They  have  two  simple  jaws  in  the  form  of  bris- 
tles, with  two  palpi.  These  rare  insects  live  be- 
tween the  scales  on  the  bodies  of  some  insects  of 
the  order  of  Hemiptera. 

Examples.     Xenos,  stylops. 

12.  DIPTERA,  two-winged.     Having  two  wings, 
mostly  withpoisers,  being  two  moveable  bodies,  un~ 
der  them. 

The  wings  are  membranaceous.  They  have 
no  jaws,  but  have  bristle-form  suckers. 

5 


50  ORDERS. 

Examples.  Tipula,  (crane-fly)  culex,  (gnat) 
asilus,  (hornet-fly)  empis,  bombilius,  musea, 
(house-fly)  tabanus,  (great  horse-fly)  conops,  oes- 
trus, (gad-fly)  hippobosca,  (common  horse-fly.) 

IX.     CLASS  MOLLUSCA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  FOUR  ORDERS. 

1 .  NUDATA,  destitute  of  a  shell. 
Examples.     Slug  or  naked  snail,  cuttle-fish. 

2.  MULTIVALVA,  having  shells  with  more  than 
two  valves-. 

Examples.     Barnacles,  acorn- shells. 

3.  BIVALVA,  having  shells  with  two  valves. 
Examples.     Clams,  oysters,  scollops. 

4.  UNIVALVA,  having  shells  with  single  valves* 
Examples.     Snails,  conk-shells. 

X.     CLASS  ECHINODERMA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

1.  PEDICELLA,  having  stem-like  organs,  which 
are  applied  by  the  animals  for  the  purpose  of  loco- 
motion. 

Examples.     Asterias,  (star-fish)  echinus,  (sea* 
hedgehog)  holothuria. 

2.  APODA,  having  no  organs  for  locomotion. 
Examples.     Siponculus,  molpadia,  minyas, 

XL    CLASS  INTESTINA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

1.  CAVITORIA,  having  internal  cavities  and  a 
mouth* 


ORDERS.  51 

Examples.  Ascaris,  strongylus,  lernsea,  (gill- 
worms.) 

2.  PARENCHYMATA,  destitute  of  internal  cavi- 
ties and  of  mouths  ;  having  pores  for  imbibing  nu- 
triment. 

Examples.  Fasciola  (fluke)  planaria,  tsenia, 
(tape-worm)  scolex,  ligula. 

XII.     CLASS  ACALEPHA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

t.  AFFIXATA,  fixed  at  their  bases,  at  pleasure ? 
though  not  often  moving  far. 

Examples.    Actinia  (sea-anemone,)  lucernaria. 

2.  LIBERATA,  not  fixed  ;  but  swimming  or  float- 
ing from  place  to  place. 

Examples.    Medusa  (sea-nettle)  berce,  cestrum, 

XITT.    CLASS  POLYPI 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

1.  NUDATA,  naked  polypi. 

Examples.  Hydra,  (brachial  polypus,)  vorti- 
cella  (flower  polypus.) 

2.  POLTPETRA,  stone-cased  polypi. 
Examples.     Tubipora  (tubipore  coral,)  seriu- 

laria  (sea-moss,)  flustra  (sea-mat,)  cellepora,  (cel- 
lepore  coral,)  corallina  (coralline,)  antipathos  (sea- 
fan,)  isis  (jointed  coral,)  madrepora  (madrepore 
coral,)  millepora  (many-pored  coral,)  retepora 
(net-mesh  coral,)  pennatula  (sea-pen,)  alcyonium 
(fungus  coral,)  spongia  (sponge,) 


53  ORDERS, 

XIV.     CLASS  INFUSORIA 

IS  DIVIDED  INTO  TWO  ORDERS. 

1.  HOTI^ERA,  roundish  or  oval  and  having  e> 
mouth  and  limbs, 

Examples.     Trichoda,  brachicmus,  vorticella, 

2.  HOMOGENIA,    having    neither    mouth    nor 
limbs 9  nor  any  viscera. 

Examples*     Cegearia,  vibrio^  mo&asr.  volvox, 


CLASS  I,    MAMMALIA. 

Remarks.  This  class  is  not  entirely  depen- 
dant on  instinct  ;  for  every  animal  of  this  class 
possesses  faculties  which  enable  it  to  accommo- 
date its  views  to  necessitous  or  restricted  circum- 
stances. Their  lungs  are  divided  into  two  lobes  ; 
and  their  trunks  are  divided  transversely  by  a 
diaphragm.  The  part  above  the  diaphragm  con- 
tains the  heart  and  lungs  ;  the  part  below  contains 
the  stomach  and  all  that  part  of  the  alimentary 
canal,  which  is  below  the  upper  opening  into  the 
stomach. 

The  animals  of  this  class  have  the  most  com- 
plicated structure  and  the  most  delicate  sensa- 
tions ;  consequently  are  subject  to  the  greatest 
variety  of  disease.  Their  desires  are  multifari- 
ous ;  and  while  seeking  th^ir  gratification,  they 
bring  into  operation  and  greatly  perfect  all  their 
various  functions.  Their  brains  are  larger  than 
those  of  other  classes  which  have  brains  ;  and  a 
slight  derangement  of  the  brain  destroys  life. 

THE  CLASS  MAMMALIA  is  DIVIDED  INTO 

EIGHT  ORDERS. 

ORDER  i.    BIMANI. 

Having  two  hands  and  cuspidate  teeth.  Feed- 
ing on  animal  and  vegetable  substances. 

HOMO,  (man)  body  erect,  and  sustained  upon 
two  feet  j  face  nearly  vertical,  or  forming  an  an- 
gle of  more  than  seventy  degrees  with  the  basis  of 
the  cranium. 

*5 


3  I  CLASS  IV      ORDER  II.  &  III, 

ORDER  2.    QUADRUMANL 

Having  four  hands  and  cuspidate  teeth. 

SIMIA,   (ape,  monkey,   ourang-outang,)  front 
teeth  four  in  each  jaw,  placed  near  together  ;  ca- 
nine  teeth  solitary,  longer  than  the  others,  dis- 
tant from  the  remaining  teeth  or  grinders  ;  grind 
ers  obtuse. 

LEMUK,  (macauco  ape,)  front  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw  four,  intermediate  ones  remote  :  in  the  lower 
jaw  six,  longer,  stretched  forward,  compressed, 
parallel,  approximated  ;  canine  teeth  solitary,  ap- 
proximated ;  grinders  several,  somewhat  lobed. 
the  foremost  somewhat  longer  and  sharper. 

Remarks.  This  order  of  animals  approaches 
the  first  order  in  some  particulars.  But  they  are 
decidedly  quadrupeds;  as  they  always  walk  upon 
four  legs.  They  have  four  hands,  though  they 
walk  upon  them.  For  the  thumb  is  always  plac- 
ed opposite  to  the  other  fingers,  as  in  the  human 
hand — never  parallel  to  them  like  the  first  toe  of 
a  foot. 

The  brain  differs  widely  from  the  human  brain. 
The  cerebrum  is  divided  on  each  side  into  three 
lobes,  whereas  the  human  brain  consists  of  one 
lobe  only  on  each  side. 

ORDER  3.     CABNIVORI. 

Having  cuspidate  teeth,  and  toes  with  nails,  hit 
no  thumbs  :  feeding  more  or  less  on  animal  sub- 
stances. 

Sec.  A.     Wing-footed  animals. 

VESPERTILIO,  (bat,  flying-mouse,)  teeth  erect 
sharp-pointed;  approximated;  hands  palmated 


CLASS  I.      ORDER  III.  55 

with  a  membrane  surrounding  the  body,  giving  the 
animal  the  power  of  flying. 

GTALEOPJTHECUS,  (flying-cat,)  front  teeth  in  the 
upper  jaw  none  ;  in  the  lower  one  6,  short,  broad, 
distinct,  pectinated ;  canine  teeth  very  short,  tri- 
angular, broad,  sharp,  serrated  ;  grinders  4,  trun- 
cated and  muricated,  with  conical  protuberances ; 
flying  skin  surrounding  the  body,  limbs,  and  tail. 

Sec.  B.     Insect-eaters,  issuing  out  in  the  night 
in  search  of  food  ;  walk  slow. 

ERINACEUS,  (hedge-hog,)  front  teeth  2,  both 
above  and  below  ;  those  of  the  upper  jaw  distant; 
of  the  lower  approximated  ;  canine  teeth  on  each 
side,  in  the  upper  jaw  5,  in  the  lower  3  ;  grinders 
on  each  side  4,  both  above  and  below  ;  body  cov- 
ered on  the  upper  part  with  spines. 

SOREX,  (shrew-mouse,)  front  teeth  in  the  up- 
per jaw  2,  long  and  bifid  ;  in  the  lower  2  or  4,  the 
intermediate  ones  shorter ;  canine  teeth  several  on 
each  side  ;  grinders  cuspidate. 

TALPA,  (mole,)  front  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  6, 
unequal ;  in  the  lower  jaw  8,  canine  teeth  one  on 
each  side,  the  upper  ones  largest ;  grinders  7  in 
the  upper  jaw,  6  in  the  lower. 

Sec.  C.     Proper  flesh- eaters. 

URSUS,  (bear,  badger,  raccoon,)  front  teeth  6, 
above  and  below,  the  two  lateral  ones  of  the  low- 
er jaw  longer  than  the  rest  and  lobed,  with  smal- 
ler or  secondary  teeth  at  their  internal  bases  ;  ca- 
nine teeth  solitary  ;  grinders  5  or  6  on  each  side, 
the  first  approximating  to  the  canine  ;  tongue 
smooth  :  snout  prominent ;  eyes  furnished  with  a 
nictitating  membrane. 


56  CLASS  I.      ORDER  III. 

LUTRA,  (otter,)  incisors  6,  sharpish  :  caniue 
teeth  longer  ;  feet  webbed. 

CANTS,  (dog,  wolf,  fox,  hyena,)  incisors  in  up- 
per jaw  6 ;  latteral  ones  longer,  distant ;  inter- 
mediate ones  lobated  ;  in  lower  jaw  6  ;  lateral 
ones  lobated  ;  canine  teeth  solitary,  incurved  ; 
grinders  6  or  7,  (or  more  than  the  other  genera  of 
this  order.) 

VIVERRA^  (weesel,  skunk,  civit,)  incisors  6, 
sharpish  ;  canine  teeth  longer  ;  tongue  in  some 
smooth,  in  others  aculeate  backwards  ;  body  of  a 
lengthened  form. 

FELIS,  (cat,  lion,  tiger,  panther,  lynx,)  front 
teeth  6  ;  intermediate  ones  equal  ;  grinders  three 
on  each  side  ;  tongue  aculeated backwards;  claws 
retractile. 

Sec.  D.  Amphibious  carnivorous  animals* 
PHOCA,  (seal,)  fore-teeth  in  the  upper  jaw  6, 
pointed,  parallel  ;  exterior  larger ;  in  lower  jaw  4, 
bluntish,  parallel,  distinct,  equal  ;  canine  teeth, 
one  oa  each  side,  in  both  jaws,  large,  pointed  ; 
upper  ones  distinct  from  the  incisors,  the  lowey 
ones  distinct  from  the  grinders  ;  grinders  5  on 
each  side  above,  6  below,  obtusely  tricuspidate.. 

TRICHKCHUS,  (morse,  sea-cow,  sea-horse,  wal- 
rus,) fore  teeth  (in  the  full  grown  animal)  none,  ei- 
ther above  or  below  ;  tusks  solitary  in  the  upper 
jaw ;  grinders  with  wrinkled  surfaces  ;  lips  dou- 
bled ;  hind  feet  at  the  extremity  of  the  body,  unit- 
ing into  a  fin. 

Sec.  1L     Poached  carnivorous  animals. 
DIDELPHIS,  (oppossum,)  front  teeth  small,  round- 
ed j-  superior  10,  the  two  middle  ones  longer  : 


CLASS  I.      ORDER  IV.  57 

inferior  8,  the  two  middle  ones  broader  and  very 
short ;  canine  teeth  long  ;  grinders  denticulated  ;- 
tongue  ciliated  with  papillae  ;  teats  (in  most  spe- 
cies) contained  in  an  abdominal  pouch. 

MACROPUS,  (kanguroo,)  front  teeth  in  upper 
jaw  6,  (in  young  ones  8,)  emarginated  ;  in  lower 
jaws  2,  very  large,  long,  sharp,  and  pointed  for- 
ward ;  grinders  5  on  each  side,  both  iti  upper 
and  lower  jaw,  distant  from  the  other  teeth  ;  fore 
legs  very  short ;  hind  legs  very  long  ;  the  female 
having  an  abdominal  pouch. 

ORDER  4.     ARRQSQRES. 

Having  incisors  in  both  jaws  and  no  cuspidate 
teeth  ;  toes  with  nails  ;  feeding  almost  wholly  on 
vegetable  substances.  They  are  the  proper  gnaiv- 
crs. 

CASTOR,  (beaver,)  iRcisors  in  the  upper  jaw 
truncated  and  excavated  with  a  transverse  angle  j- 
in  the  lower  jaw  transverse  at  the  tips  ;  grinders 
on  each  side  4  ;  tail  long,  depressed  and  scaly  ; 
lias  collar  bones. 

Mus,  (rat,  mouse,)  upper  incisors  wedge-form  ; 
grinders  3  on  each  side,  rarely  2  ;  having  collar 
bones. 

MYOXUS,  (dormouse,)  incisors  2,  upper  wedge- 
form,  lower  compressed  ;  grinders  4  in  each  jaw ; 
vibrissffi  long  ;  tail  cylindric,  villose,  thicker  to- 
wards the  end  ;  legs  of  equal  length  ;  4  toes  to 
each  fore  foot. 

DIPUS,  (long-foot  mouse,)  incisors  2  above  and 
2  below  ;  fore  legs  very  short,  hind  legs  very  long : 
having  collar  bones. 

ARCTOMYS,  (rat-bear,)  incisors  2  in  each  jaw, 
strong,  sharp,  wedge-form  5  grinders  in  upper  jaw 


58  CLASS  I.       ORDER  V. 

5  on  each  side  ;  in  lower  jaw  4  :    having  collar 
bones. 

SCIURUS,  (squirrel,)  incisors  in  upper  jaw 
wedge-form,  in  lower  jaw  sharp;  grinders  5  on 
each  side  in  upper  jaw,  4  in  lower  jaw  ;  having 
collarbones  ;  tail  spreading  towards  each  side  in 
most  species. 

HYSTRIX,  (porcupine,)  incisors  2,  both  in  up- 
per and  under  jaw,  obliquely  cut  ;  grinders  8  ; 
body  covered  with  spines  intermixed  with  hair  ; 
4  toes  to  each  fore  foot,  5  to  each  hind  foot. 

LEPUS,  (hare,  rabbit,)  incisors  2  above  and  2 
below,  the  upper  pair  duplicate;  two  small  in- 
terior ones  standing  behind  the  exterior. 

CAVIA,  (guinea-pig,  india-pig,)  incisors  2. 
wedge-form  ;  grinders  8  ;  toes  4  or  5  to  each  fore 
foot,  to  each  hind  foot  3  to  5  ;  tail  none  or  very 
short ;  collar  bones,  none. 

ORDER  5.     EDENTATA. 

Having  no  incisors,  and  having  hoof-like  nails* 

BRADIPUS,  (sloth,)  cutting  teeth  none  in  either 
jaw  ;  canine  teeth  obtuse,  single,  longer  than  the 
grinders  placed  opposite  ;  grinders  5  on  each  side, 
obtuse  ;  fore  legs  much  longer  than  the  hind  ones  r 
claws  very  long 

MEGATHERIUM,  (extinct  genus,)  teeth  flat-top- 
ped ;  forelegs  equal  iu  length  to  both  head  and 
neck  5  claws  long.  Intermediate  in  character  be- 
tween Bradypus  and  Dasypus. 

DASYPUS,  (armadillo,)  grinders  several,  without 
either  the  cutting  or  canme  teeth  ;  body  coated 
with  a  shelly  armour,  divided  into  zones. 

MYRMECOPHAGA,  (ant-eater,)  teeth  none;  tongue 
cylindric,  extensile  ;  mouth  lengthened  into  some- 
what tubular  form  ;  body  covered  with  hair* 


CLASS  I.       ORDER  VI.  59 

MANIS,  (scaly  hizard,  pangolin,")  teeth  none  ; 
tongue  cylindric  and  extensile  ;  mouth  narrowed 
into  a  snout ;  body  covered  with  scales. 

PLATYPUS,  (duck-mouth,)  mouth  shaped  like 
the  bill  of  a  duck  ;  feet  webbed. 

ORDER  6.     PACHYDERMA. 

Having  hoofs  and  no  clavicle  ;  sJcin  very  thick. 

ELEPHAS,  (elephant,)  cutting  teeth  none  in  ei- 
ther jaw  ;  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw  ;  grinders  com- 
posed of  vertical  plates  of  a  bony  substance  ;  pro- 
bocis  very  long,  prehensile  ;  body  nearly  naked. 

MASTODON,  (extinct  animal,)  grinders  have  a 
bristly  crown,  or  a  sort  of  gum,  with  thick  conic 
points.  Other  teeth  mostly  like  those  of  the  ele- 
phant. 

HYPPOPOTAMUS,  (river  horse,)  incisors  4  in  each 
jaw,  above  distant  in  pairs,  below  prominent  and 
the  two  middle  ones  longest ;  canines  solitary  ; 
below  extremely  large,  long,  curved,  and  oblique- 
ly truncated  ;  feet  armed  at  the  margin  with  each 
4  hoofs. 

Sus,  (swine,)  incisors  above  4,  converging ;  be- 
low 6,  projecting  ;  canines  below  2,  longexsert : 
above  2,  shorter  ;  snout  truncated,  prominent; 
inoveable  ;  feet  cloven. 

ANOPLOTIIERIUM,  (extinct  animal,)  incisors  6  in 
each  jaw  ;  four  canine  teeth  resembling  the  incis- 
ors :  twenty-eight  grinders  forming  a  continued 
series,  like  those  of  the  human  teeth.  Feet  ter- 
minate in  cloven  hoofs.  This  animal  must  have 
borne  considerable  resemblance  to  animals  of  the 
order  Ruminantes. 

RHINOCEROS,  (rhinoceros,)  one  or  two  horns, 
solid;  perennial,  conical,  seated  on  the  noise,  and 


W  CLASS  I.      ORDER  VII. 

growing  from  the  skin ;  feet  terminate  in  three 
toes. 

HYRAX,  (cape-badger,  lamb  of  Israel,)  incisors 
above  two,  broad,  somewhat  distant;  below  4, 
broad,  flat,  doubly  notched  ;  grinders  large,  4  oa 
each  side  of  each  jaw  ;  4  toes  to  each  fore  foot,  8 
to  each  hind  foot  5  tail  none  ;  collar  bones  none. 

PALEOTHERIUM,  (extinct  animal)  incisors  six^ 
and  canine  teeth  two  in  each  jaw  ;  feet  terminate 
in  three  toes  ;  trunk,  or  proboscis,  must  have  been 
short  and  fleshy. 

TAPIR,  (tapir,)  incisors  10  above  and  below? 
canines  single,  and  incurvated  ;  grinders  5  on  each 
side,  very  broad  ;  3  hoofs  to  each  foot,  with  a  false 
one  on  the  fore  foot. 

EQUUS,  (horse,  zebra,)  incisors  above  6,  paral- 
lel, below  6,  somewhat  projecting ;  canines  1  on 
each  side  above  and  below,  remote  from  the  rest  ; 
hoofs  undivided. 

ORDER  VIL    RUMIKANTES. 

Incisors  below  only  ;  feet  with  cloven  hoofs  ; 
animals  chew  the  cud. 

CAMELUS,  (camel,  dromedary,)  horns  none;  in- 
cisors below  6,  somewhat  thin  and  broad  ;  ca- 
nines 3  above,  2  below,  distant  ;  upper  lip  di- 
vided. 

MOSCHUS,  (musk,)  horns  none  ;  incisors  below 
8  ;  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw  exsert,  solitary. 

CERVUS,  (deer,  stag,  elk,  moose,)  horns  solid, 
(covered  while  young  with  a  hairy  skin  growing 
from  the  top)  naked,  annual,  branched  ;  incisors 
below  8  ;  canines  none  (sometimes  a  single  one) 
in  the  upper  jaw. 


CLASS    I.      ORDEIt   VIII.  61 

CAMELOPARDALIS,  (giraffe,)  horns  permanent, 
Ibony,  covered  with  bristly  skin  ;  incisors  below 
8  ;  the  exterior  one  on  each  side  deeply  bilobate. 

ANTELOPE,  (antelope,)  horns  hollow,  seated  on. 
a  bony  core,  growing  upwards,  annulated  or 
wreathed,  permanent ;  incisors  below  8,  canines 
none. 

CAPRA,  (goat,  ibex,)  horns  hollow,  turning  up- 
wards and  backwards,  compressed,  rough,  al- 
most closed  at  their  base  ;  incisors  below  8,  ca- 
nines none  ;  chin  bearded  in  the  male. 

Ovis,  (sheep,)  horns  hollow,  wrinkletl  turning 
backwards  and  spirally  intorted  5  incisors  8,  be- 
low ;  canines  none. 

Bos,  (ox,  bison,  buffalo,)  horns  concave,  turned 
outwards,  lunated^  smooth  5  incisors  8,  below  5 
canines  none. 

ORDER  VIII.    CETE. 

Aquatic  animals,  without  hind  .feet  ;  fore  feet 
Regenerated  into  Jin-lifce  limbs. 

DELPHINUS,  (dolphin,  porpoise,)  teeth  in  both 
jaws  ;  spiracle  on  the  head. 

MONODON,  (narwhal,)  tooth  projecting  from  the 
upper  jaw,  very  long,  strait,  spiral  ;  spiracle  on 
the  head. 

PHYSETER,  (cachelot,)  teeth  visible  in  the  lower 
jaw  only  ;  spiracle  on  the  head  or  snout. 

BALAENA,  (whale>)  horny  lamina?,  in  the  upper 
jaw  in  place  of  teeth  ;  spiracle  with  a  double  ex 
ternal  orifice  on  the  top  of  the  head. 


62 


CLASS  II.     AVES. 

Hemarks.  Animals  of  this  class  do  not  have 
their  lungs  divided  into  lobes — the  whole  being  in 
a  single  mass.  Neither  are  their  lungs  ventilated 
by  their  own  contractions  and  dilatations.  Air  is 
made  to  pass  through  them  by  the  action  of  other 
organs.  It  is  admitted  to  the  blood  by  an  infinite 
number  of  vessels  from  the  axils  of  the  wings  and 
various  other  parts  of  the  body. 

Their  forms  are  adapted  to  their  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances ;  they  being  the  only  animals  of  this 
grand  division  which  travel  in  the  atmosphere. 
The  muscles  of  the  breast  are  very  large  and 
strong,  giving  great  force  to  their  wings.  Their 
covering  of  feathers,  being  non-conductors  of  elec- 
tric fluid,  secures  them  in  some  measure  against 
its  frequent  discharges  in  the  form  of  lightning  in 
the  upper  regions  ;  and  more  especially  wrhen  sit- 
ting upon  their  nests,  on  high  trees. 

Their  rapid  passage  through  different  regions 
of  the  air,  and  its  perpetual  action  upon  them,  af- 
ford them  the  means  of  prognosticating  the  varia- 
tions of  the  atmosphere  by  a  method  totally  un- 
known to  us. 

THE  CLASS  AYES  is  DIVIDED  INTO  six  ORDERS* 
ORDER  I.     ACCIPITRES.  .^,/^- 

y 

Having  strong  hooked  beaks  and  claws  ;  toes 
4  ;  the  thumb  toe,  and  inner  one  of  the  other  three? 
are  larger.  Birds  of  prey. 

VULTUR,  (vulture,)  bill  straight,  hooked  at  the 
tip,  and  covered  at  the  base  by  a  cere  or  skin  : 


CLASS    II.       ORDER    II.  63 

Lead,  in  most  species,  bare  of  feathers,  and  cover- 
ed in  front  by  a  naked  skin  ;  tongue  fleshy  and 
generally  bifid  ;  neck  retractile  ;  feet  strong  with 
moderately  crooked  claws. 

FALCO,  (hawk,  buzzard,  kite,  eagle,)  beak 
hooked,  furnished  at  the  base  with  a  cere  ;  head 
well  covered  with  feathers  ;  tongue,  in  most  spe- 
cies, bifid. 

SERPENTARIUS,  (snakeTeater,)  beak  vulturine  : 
tongue  pointed  :  legs  very  long. 

STRIX,  (owl,)  bill  hooked,  without  cere  ;  nos 
trils  oblong,   covered   with  recumbent  setaceous 
feathers  ;  head,   eyes,   and  ears,   large  ;  tongue 
bifid  ;  exterior  toe  moveable  backward  and  for- 
ward. 

ORDER  II.    PASSERES. 

Including  all  birds,  which  are  not  swimmers, 
waders,  runners,  climbers,  birds  of  prey,  or  of  the 
gallinaceous  kind.     They  are  all  of  the  sparrow 
like  family. 

Section  A.    Bills  indented.    / 

X, 
LANIUS,  (shrike,  butcher-bird,)  bill  straightish, 

with  a  tooth  or  small  process  on  each  side  near 
the  tip  :  tongue  jagged  ;  outside  toe  connected  to 
the  middle  one,  as  far  as  the  first  joint. 

TANAGRA,  (tanager,)  bill  conic,  pointed,  notch- 
ed, almost  triangular  at  the  base,  a  little  inclining 
at  the  tip. 

MUSCICAFA,  (fly-catcher,  cat-bird,)  bill  nearly 
triangular,  notched  each  side,  bent  in  at  the  tip^ 
and  beset  with  bristles  at  the  root ;  toes  (mostly) 
divided  to  their  oiigin. 

AMPELIS,  (chatterer,)  bill  straight,  convex  ; 
each  mandible  notched  ;  nostrils  covered  with 


64  CLASS    II.      ORDER    IX. 

bristles  ;  tongue  sharp,  cartilagenous,  bifid  ;  mid- 
dle toe  connected  at  the  base  to  the  outermost. 

TURDUS,  (thrush,)  bill  straitish,  the  upper  man- 
dible a  little  bending  and  notched  near  the  point  ; 
nostrils  naked,  or  half  covered  with  a  small  mem- 
brane ;  mouth  ciliate  with  a  few  bristles  at  the 
corners  j  tongue  jagged.. 

OREOLUS,  (oriole,,  fire-bird,  red-robin,)  bill  co- 
nical, convex,  very  sharp-pointed,  strait  ;  upper 
mandible  a  trifle  longer  than  the  lower  one,  and 
obscurely  emarginated  ;  tongue  bifid,  sharp  ;  feet 
formed  for  walking. 

GRACULA,  (grakle,  black-bird,)  bill  convex, 
thick,  somewhat  compressed  on  the  sides,  coulter- 
form  ;  nostrils  small,  near  the  base  of  the  bill,  of- 
ten near  the  edge  ;  tongue  entire,  rather  sharp- 
pointed,  fleshy  ;  feet  formed  for  walking  ;  middle 
toe  connected  to  the  outmost  toe  at  the  base. 

PIPRA,  (manakin,)  bill  shorter  than  the  head. 
strong,  hard,  nearly  triangular  at  the  base,  and 
slightly  incurved  at  the  tip  ;  nostrils  naked  ;  feet 
gressoral  ;  tail  short. 

MOTACILLA,  (wren,  warbler,  sparrow,  robbin,) 
bill  subulate,  strait  ;  mandibles  nearly  equal  : 
nostrils  obovate  ;  toDgue  lacerate  at  the  end, 

Section  B,     Hills  deeply  separated,   short*  fiat 
hooked,  without  notches. 


HiRUNDO.  (swallow,  martin,)  bill  small,  weak, 
curved,  subulate,  depressed  at  the  base  ;  gape 
larger  than  the  head  ;  tongue  short,  broad,  cleft  5 
wings  long  ;  tail  mostly  forked. 

CAPRIMULGUS,  (goat-sucker,  night-hawk,  whip- 
poor-will,)  bill  sligktly  curved,  very  small,  subu- 
late, and  depressed  at  the  base  :  mouth  extreme!  v 


CLASS  II.       ORDER  IT.  65 

wide  and  furnished  at  the  sides  with  a  series  of 
bristles  ;  ears  very  large  ;  tongue  pointed,  entire  ; 
tail  not  forked,  feathers  10  ;  legs  short  ;  middle 
claw  with  a  broad  serrate  edge. 

Section  0.     Sills  strong,  conic,  without  notches. 

£  /*  .  «_  *t^  if-0~$jL/         c*- *~— c/^     <gfsia*.  ~t^**-ts~t>4jL4 . 

ALAUD  A,  (lark,)  bill  cylindrical,  subulate,  strait ; 
the  mandibles  equal  and  a  little  gaping  at  the  base  ; 
tongue  bifid  ;  hind-claw  strait,  longer  than  the  toe. 

PARUS,  (titmouse,)  bill  very  entire,  narrow, 
snbcompressed,.  strong,  hard,  pointed,  and  cover- 
ed at  the  base  with  bristles  ;  tongue  truncate, 
bristly  at  the  end  ;  toes  divided  to  the  origin,  the 
hind  one  large  and  strong. 

EMBERIZA,  (bunting,)  bill  conic ;  mandibles  re- 
ceding from  each  other  from  the  base  downwards^ 
the  lower  with  the  sides  narrowed  in  ;  the  uppei; 
with  a  hard  knob  within. 

FRINGILLA,  (finch,  sparrow,  linnet,)  bill  conic, 
strait,  pointed. 

PHYTOTOMA,  (squaller,)  bill  conic,  strait,  se- 
rate  ;  nostrils  oval  ;  tongue,  short,  obtuse  ;  feet 
four- toed. 

LOXIA,  (grosbeak,  goldfinch,  crossbill,)  bill 
strong,  thick,  convex,  rounded  at  the  base  ;  low- 
er mandible  bent  in  at  the  edge ;  nostrils  small; 
round  at  the  base  of  the  bill ;  tongue  truncate. 

COLIUS,  (coby,)rbill  short,  thick,  convex  above, 
flat  beneath  ;  upper  mandible  bent  down  at  the 
tip  ;  nostrils  small  at  the  base  of  the  bill  and  near- 
ly covered  with  feathers  ;.  tongue  jagged  at  the 
tip  ;  tail  long,  wedge- form. 

GLAUCOPIS,  (wattle-bird,)  bill  incurvated,  arch- 
ed, the  lower  mandible  wattled  beneath  at  the 
base  ;  nostrils  depressed,  half  covered  by  a  sub- 

#6 


66"  &%&•$»  w.     OHDER  n. 

cartilagenous  membrane  :  tongue  semi-cartilage 
nous,  notched  and  ciliated  at  the  tip  ;  feet  formed 
for  walking  ;  th^ee  toes  before  and  one  behind. 

BUPHAGA,  (beef-eater,)  bill  strait  quadrangular^ 
mandibles  gibbose,  entire^  more  gibbose  on  the 
outside  ;  legs  formed  for  walking. 

STURNUS,  (starling,)  bill  subulate,  angular,  de- 
pressed, bluntish  ;  the  upper  mandible  entire, 
somewhat  open  at  the  edges- ;  nostrils  surrounded 
with  a  prominent  rim  ;  tongue  notched,  pointed. 

SITTA,  (nut-cracker,  nut-hatch.)  bill  straight, 
wedged  at  the  top,  subulate,  roundish,  entire  ;  up- 
per mandible  a  little  longer,  compressed  and  an- 
gular at  the  tip  ;  tongue  jagged,  short,  horny  at 
tip  ;  nostrils  small,  covered  with  bristles  ;  feet 
formed  for  walking,  hind  toe  long. 

CORVUS,  (crow,  raven,  jay,  magpie,  jackdaw,) 
bill  convex,  strong,  coulter-form,  and  (in  most  spe- 
cies) toothed  or  notched  near  the  tip  ;  nostrils 
covered  by  recumbent  bristly  feathers  ;.  tongue 
cartilaginous,  bifid  ;.  feet  formed  for  walking. 

CQRACIAS,  (roller,)  bill  nearly  straight,  bending 
alittle  towards  the  end,  cultrated  at  the  edges  j  nos- 
trils narrow,  nak^d  ;  tongue  cartilaginous,  bifid  j; 
legs  generally  short ;  toes  divided  to  their  origin, 
three  forward  and  one  backward. 

PARADISEA,  (paradise  bird,)  bill  covered  at  the 
Jbase by  velvet-like  plumes;  side-feathers  beneath 
4jie  wings  (iu  most  species)  extending.far  beyond 
the  rest  of  the  plumage •  j  legs  strong ;  feet  formed 
Cor  walking. 


CLASS  II,       ORDER  H«.  &?* 

Section  D.    Sills  slender,  long,  more  or  less  arch- 
ed and  tvithout  notches.  ^^ 


UPUPA,  (hoopoe,  messenger-  bird,)  bill  arched; 
long,  slender,  convex,  a  little  compressed,  some- 
what  obtuse  ;  nostrils  at  the  base  of  the  bill,  small  ; 
tongue  obtuse,  entire,  triangula^  very  short  ;  feet 
formed  for  walking. 

CERTHIA,  (creeper,)  bill  arched,  slender,  some- 
what triangular,  pointed  ;  tongue  various,  gener- 
ally pointed  ;,  feet  formed  for  walking. 

TUOCHILUS,  (humming-  Yird^  bill  subulate  fill- 
foroi,  tubular  at  the  tip,  longer  than  the  head  ;  upper 
mandible  cheating  the  lower  ;  tongue  filiform,  the 
two  threads  coalescing,  tubular  :  feet  formed  for 
walking. 

Section  E.     Equal  toes,  or  the  outer  toe  about  as 
long  as  the  middle  one. 

MEROPS,  (bee-ealer,)  bill  curved,  quadrangular., 
compressed,  carinate,  pointed  ;  nostrils  small  at 
the  base  of  the  bill  ;  tongue  slender,  tip  (general- 
ly) jagged  ;  feetgres&oval. 

MOMOTUS,  (motmot,  bill  strong,  slightly  curv- 
ed, serrate  at  the  edg.es  ;  nostrils  feathered  ;  tongue 
feathered  ;,  tail  wedged,;  feet  gressoral. 

ALCEDO,  (king-fisher,)  bill  triangular,  thick, 
strait,  long,  pointed  ;  tongue  fleshy,,  very  short; 
flat,  pointed  ;  feet  (in  most)  gressoral. 

TODUS,  (tody,)  bill  subulate,  depressed,  obtuse,, 
straight,  covered  at  the  base  with  bristles  ;  nos- 
trils oval,  small  ;  feet  gressoral. 

BucEROS,(hombill*)  bill  caavex^  curved,  sharp- 
<adged,  large,  serrate  outwardly,  with  a  horny  pro- 
outha  upper  mandible  uear  the  base  ; 


i8  CLASS  Ilr      ORDER  111. 

nostrils  behind  the  base  of  the  bill ;  tongue  short 
sharp-pointed  ;.  feet  gressoral. 

ORDER  3.    SCANSORES.  g       *^. 

Having  the  outer  toe  and  thumb-toe  directed 
backwards,  for  climbing  the  trunks  of  trees. 

GALBULA,  (golden  thrush,)  bill  straight,  very 
long,  quadrangular,  pointed  ;  nostrils  oval,  at  the 
base  of  the  bill  ;  tongue  short,  sharp-pointed  j 
thighs  downy  on  the  fore  part ;  feet  climbers. 

Picus,  (wood-pecker,)  bill  angular,  straight, 
wedge-form  at  the  tip  ;  nostrils  covered  with  re- 
cumbent setaceous  feathers  ;  tongue  round,  worm- 
form,  very  long,  bony,  missile,  daggered,  beset  at 
the  point  with  bristles  bent  back  ;  tail  feathers 
ten,  hard,  rigid,  pointed  ;  feet  climbers. 

YUNX,  (wry-neck,)  bill  smoothish,  pointed,  a 
little  incurved,  weak  ;  nostrils  concave,  naked  ; 
tongue  very  long,  smooth,  worm-form,  armed  at 
the  point  \  tail  feathers  10,  flexible  ;  feet  climbers. 

CUCULUS, (cuckoo,)  bill  smooth,  a  little  curved  ; 
nostrils  surrounded  by  a  small  rim  ;  tongue  ar- 
rowed, short,  pointed  ;  feet  formed  for  climbing. 

SCYTHROPS,  (channel-bird,)  bill  large,  convex^, 
sharp-edged,  channelled  at  the  sides,  hooked  at 
the  point ;  nostrils-  naked,  rounded  at  the  base  of 
the  bill ;  tongue  cartilagenous,  split  at  the  point ; 
feet  climbers. 

BuccOj  (barbet,)  bill  sharp-edged,  laterally 
compressed,  notched  each  side  near  the  tip,  bent 
inwards  and  a  long  split  beneath  the  eyes ;  nos- 
trils covered  witix  incumbent  feathers  j  feet  form- 
ed for  climbing. 


CLASS  II.      ORDER  IV.  69 

TROGON,  (curuke,)  bill  shorter  than  the  head, 
sharp  edged,  hooked,  the  mandibles  serrate  at  the 
edge  ;  feet  formed  for  climbing. 

CROTOPHAGA,  (giant  blackbird,)  bill  compress- 
ed, semioval,  arched,  carinate  on  the  back  ;  up- 
per mandibles  angular  at  each  edge  ;  nostrils  per* 
vious. 

RHAMPHASTOS,  (toucan,)  bill  enormous,  empty,, 
convex,  serrate  at  the  edges  ;  each  mandible  in- 
curvate  at  the  tip  ;  behind  the  base  of  the  bill, 
long,  narrow  ;  tongue  feathered  at  the  edges  ;  feet 
mostly  climbers, 

PSITTACUS,  (parrot,)  bill  hooked,  upper  mandi 
ble  moveable,  (mostly)  covered  with  a  cere  ;  nos 
trils  rounded,  placed  in  the  base  of  the  bill  ;  tongue 
fleshy,  obtuse,  entire  ;  feet  formed  for  climbing, 

ORDER  4.     GALLINAOES. 

Having  the  forward  toes  united  partially  at  the 
base,  and  jagged  along  their  edges.  Hen-like 
birds. 


PAVO,  (peacock,)  bill  convex,  robust  ;  head 
covered  with  revolute  feathers  ;  nostrils  large  ; 
feathers  of  the  rump  long,  broad,  expansile  and 
covered  with  eye-form  spots. 

MELEAGRIS,  ^turkey,)  bill  conic,  in.curva.te  : 
head  covered  with  spongy  caruncles  ;  chin  with  a 
longitudinal  membranous  caruncle  ;  tail  broad, 
expansile  ;  legs  spurred. 

CUAX,  (carassow,  peruvian  hen,)  bill  strong, 
thick,  the  base  of  each  mandible  covered  with  a 
cere  ;  nostrils  in  the  middle  of  the  cere  ;  feathers 
covering  the  head,  revolute  ;  tail  large,  straight^ 
expansile, 


70  CLASS  II.      ORDER  V. 

PENELOPE,  (jacu-turkey,)  bill  naked  at  the  base  ; 
head  covered  with  feathers  ;  chin  naked  ;  tail 
with  12  feathers  ;  legs  without  spurs. 

PHASIANUS,  (hen,  pheasant,)  bill  short,  strong  ; 
cheeks  covered  with  a  smooth  naked  skin  ;  legs 
generally  with  spurs. 

NUMIDIA,  (guinea-hen,)  bill  strong,  short  ;  the 
base  covered  with  a  carunculate  cere  receiving  the 
nostrils  ;  head  horned,  with  a  compressed,  colour- 
ed callus  ;  tail  short,  bending  down;  body  speck- 
led. 

TETRAD,  (partridge,  quail,  grous,)  near  the  eyes 
a  spot  which  is  either  naked,  papillose  or  (very 
rarely)  covered  with  feathers. 

COLUMRA,  (pigeon,  dove,  turtle-dove,)  bill 
straight,  descending  towards  the  tip  ;  nostrils  ob- 
long, half  covered  with  a  soft  timid  membrane. 

ORDER  5.     GRALLATORES. 

Having  the  two  outer  toes,  partially  zinited. 
Long-legged  ivalking  binds. 


Section  A.     Short-  winged. 

STRUTHIO,  (ostrich,  cassowary,)  bill  subcomc  ; 
nostrils  oval  ;  wings  short,  unfit  for  flight  ;  feet 
formed  for  running;.. 

DIDUS,  (dodo,)  bill  narrowed  in  the  middle. 
with  two  transverse  wrinkles  ;  each  mandible 
bent  in  at  the  tip  ;  nostrils  oblique,  near  the  edge 
of  the  middle  of  the  bill  ;  face  naked  beyond  the 
,cyes  ;  legs  short  ;  feet  cleft  ;  wings  unfit  for 
flight  ;  tail  none, 


CLASS  II.      ORDER  V.  71 

Section  B.     Compressed  bill. 

OTIS,  (bustard,)  bill  subconvex  ;  nostrils  oval> 
pervious  ;  tongue  bifid,  pointed  ;  feet  formed  for 
running,  three  toed,  tall,  naked  above  the  thighs. 

CHARAKDRIUS,  (plover,  snipe,)  bill  roundish, 
obtuse,  straight ;  nostrils  linear  ;  feet  formed  for 
running  ;  three  toed. 

TRINGA,  (sand-piper,)  bill  roundish,  as  long  as 
the  head  ;  nostrils  small,  linear  ;  tongue  slender ; 
feet  four-toed  ;  the  hind  toe  of  one  joint,  and  rais- 
ed  from  the  ground. 

HAEMATOPUS,  (oyster  catcher,)  bill  compressed^ 
the  tip  an  equal  wedge  ;  nostrils  linear  ;  tongue 
a  third  part  as  long  as  the  bill ;  feet  formed  for 
running  ;  three  toed,  cleft. 

Section  C.     Coulter -I  ill. 

PSOPHIA,  (trumpeter,)  bill  cylindrical,  conic, 
convex,  somewhat  pointed  ;  upper  mandible  lon- 
ger ;  nostrils  oval,  pervious  ;  tongue  cartilaginous, 
flat,  fringed  at  the  tip  ;  feet  four- toed,  cleft. 

CANOROMA,  (boat-bill,)  bill  gibbose,  shaped  like 
an  inverted  boat ;  nostrils  small,  placed  in  a  fur- 
row ;  tongue  small ;  toes  divided. 

ARDEA,  (heron,  crane,  stork,  bittern,)  bill 
straight,  pointed,  long,  subcompressed,  with  a  fur- 
row from  the  nostrils  towards  the  tip  ;  nostrils  li- 
near ;  tongue  sharp  ;  feet  four-toed,  cleft,  toes 
connected  at  the  base. 

MYCTERIA,  (jabiru,)  bill  a  little  bending  up 
wards,  sharp-pointed  ;  upper  mandible  triangular; 
front  bald  ;  nostrils  linear  ;  tongue  small  or  none  ; 
feet  four- toed,  cleft. 

SCOPUS,  (umbre,)  bill  long,  thick;  compressed; 


72  CLASS  II.      ORDER  V. 

a  little  hooked  ;  nostrils  linear,  oblique ;  feet  four- 
toed,  cleft. 

TANTALUS,  (ibis,)  bill  long,  subulate,  roundish, 
subarched  ;  face  naked  ;  tongue  short,  broad  ; 
jugular  pouch  naked  ;  nostrils  oval ;  feet  four-toed, 
pulminate  at  the  base. 

PLATALEA,  (spoon-bill,)  bill  long,  thin,  the  tip 
dilated,  orbicular,  flat  ;  nostrils  small,  at  the  base 
of  the  bill ;  tongue  short,  pointed  ;  feet-four  toed* 
semi-palmate. 

CORRIRA,  (racer,)  bill  short,  straight,  without 
teeth  ;  thighs  longer  than  the  body  ;  feet  four- 
toed,  palmate,  the  hind  toe  not  connected. 

Section  D.     Long-bill. 

SCOLOPAX,  (snipe,  woodcock,  curlew,)  bill 
roundish,  obtuse,  longer  than  the  head  ;  nostrils 
linear  ;  face  covered  ;  feet  four-toed,  hind  toe 
consisting  of  many  joints. 

RECURVIRO&TRA,  (yelper,  scooper,  avoucet,)  bill 
depressed,  subulate,  recurved,  pointed,  flexible  at 
the  tip  ;  feet  palmate,  four-toed,  the  hind  toe  not 
connected,  very  short  and  placed  high  up  ;  nos- 
trils narrow,  pervious  ;  tongue  short. 

Section  E.     Long-toed. 

PAIIRA,  (jacana,)  bill  tapering,  somewhat  ob- 
tuse ;  nostrils  oval,  in  the  middle  of  the  bill ;  front 
covered  with  lobate  caruncles  ;  wings  spinose. 

VAGINALIS,  (sheath-bill,)  bill  strong,  thick,  co- 
nic-convex, upper  mandible  covered  above  with  a 
moveable  horny  sheath  ;  nostrils  small,  before  the 
sheath  ;  face  naked,  papillose  ;  legs  strong,  four- 
toed;  naked  above  the  knees  ;  claws  grooved. 


CLASS  II.       OfcDER  VI.  73 

PALAMEDEA,  (screamer,)  bill  conic  ;  upper  man- 
hooked  ;  nostrils  oval ;  feet  four-toed,  cleft, 
a  very  small  membrane  connecting  the  toes  at  the 
root. 

RALLUS,  (rail,  crake,  water-hen,)  bill  thicldsli 
at  the  base,  attenuated  on  the  back  towards  the 
tip,  compressed,  a  little  incurved,  pointed  ;  tongue 
rough  at  the  tip  ;  body  compressed  ;  tail  short ; 
feet  four- toed ,  cleft. 

FULICA,  (coot,  rain-hen,  gallinule,)  bill  convex, 
upper  mandible  arched  over  the  lower  at  the  edge, 
lower  gibbose  near  the  tip  ;  nostrils  oblong ; 
front  bald  ;  feet  four-toed,  subpinnate. 

GLAREQLA,  (sea-swallow,)  bill  strong,  short, 
strait,  hooked  at  the  tip  ;  nostrils  at  the  base  of 
the  bill,  linear,  oblique  ;  gape  of  the  mouth  large  ; 
feet  four-toed  ;  toes  long,  slender,  connected  at  the 
base  by  a  membrane  ;  tail  forked,  consisting  of  12 
feathers. 

PHOENICOPTERUS,  (flamingo,)  bill  naked,  tooth- 
ed, bent  as  if  broken  ;  nostrils  linear  ;  feet  four- 
toed,  palmate,  the  membranes  semicircular  on  the 
fore  part  ;  hind  toe  not  connected. 

ORDER  6.     ANSERES. 

/-«.         tr+-& 

Having  palmate  feet,  with  toes  connected  by* 
membranes  in  most  cases  ;  formed  for  swimming. 

Section  A.     Divers,  with  feet  far  back  ;  requiring 
a  position  nearly  erect  for  balancing  the  body.  *~ 

COLYMBUS,  (diver,  loon,  grebe,)  bill  toothless, 
subulate,  straight,  pointed  ;  throat  toothed;  nostrils 
linear  at  the  base  of  the  bill ;  legs  fettered. 

7 


74  CLASS  II.       ORDER  VI, 

ALGA,  (awk,)  bill  toothless,  short,  compressed, 
convex,  often  transversely  furrowed  ;  lower  mandi- 
bles gibbose  near  the  base  ;  nostrils  linear  ;  legs 
mostly  three-toed. 

APTEXODYTA,  (penguin,)  bill  straight,  a  little 
compressed  and  sharp-edged,  upper  mandible  Ion 
gitudinally,  obliquely  grooved,  the  lower  truncate 
at  the  tip  ;  tongue  with  reflected  prickles  ;  wings 
fin-form,  without  quill-feathers  ;  feet  fettered,, 
four-toed. 

Section  B.     Long-ivinged  flying  sea  birds. 

Jti,£t>+€*Sfo 

PROCELLARIA,  (petrel,)  bill  toothless/  a  littre 
compressed,  hooked  at  the  point ;  mandibles  equal ; 
nostrils  cylindrical,  tubular,  truncate,  lying  on  the 
base  of  the  bill  ;  feet  palmate  ;  the  back  toe  point- 
Ing  downwards,  sessile,  sharp,  a  mere  spur. 

DIOMEDEA,  (albatross,  man-o-war  bird,)  bill 
straight,  upper  mandible  hooked  at  the  point,  low- 
er truncate  ;  nostrils  oval,  wide,  prominent,  late- 
ral :  tongue  very  small ;  feet  four-toed,  all  placed 
forward. 

LARUS,  (gull,  sea-mew,)  bill  straight,  sharp- 
edged,  a  little  hooked  at  the  tip,  and  without  teeth ; 
lower  mandible  gibbose  below  the  point ;  nostrils 
linear,  broader  on  the  fore  part,  and  placed  in  the 
middle  of  the  bill. 

STERNA,  (tern,  noddy,)  bill  subulate,  straightish, 
pointed,  a  little  compressed,  without  teeth  ;  nos- 
trils linear ;  tongue  pointed  ;  wings  very  long  ; 
tail  mostly  forked. 

RUYNCHOPS,  (skimmer,)  bill  straight ;  the  up- 
per mandibles  much  shorter ;  the  lower  truncate 
at  the  tip. 


CLASS  II.       ORDER  VI.  75 

Section  C.     Feet  wholly  palmated. 

PELICANUS,  (pelican,  cormorant,  shag,  booby,) 
ibill  straight,  hooked  at  the  point  and  furnished 
with  a  nail ;  nostrils  an  obliterated  slit ;  face  na~ 
kedish  ;  legs  equally  balancing  the  body  ;  all  the 
four  toes  palmate. 

PLOTUS, (darter,)  bill  straight,  pointed,  toothed  ; 
nostrils  with  a  slit  near  the  base  ;  face  and  chin 
naked  ;  legs  short ;  all  the  toes  connected. 

PHAETON,  (tropic  bird,)  bill  sharp-edged, 
straight,  pointed,  the  gape  of  the  mouth  reaching 
beyond  ;  nostrils  oblong  ;  hind  toe  turned  for- 
ward. 

ANAS,  (goose,  duck,  swan,  teal,)  bill  convex, 
obtuse,  the  edges  divided  into  lamellate  teeth, 
tongue  fringed,  obtuse  ;  three  fore-toes  connected, 
hind  one  solitary. 

MERGUS,  (merganser,  goosander,  nun,)  bill 
toothed,  slender,  cylindrical,  hooked  at  the  point ; 
nostrils  small,  oval,  in  the  middle  of  the  bill  :  feet 
four-toed,  outer  toe  longest. 


76 


CLASS  IIL     AMPHIBIA. 

.Remarks.  The  blood  of  animals  is  rendered 
warm  and  capable  of  exciting  nervous  action 
by  the  process  of  respiration.  Amphibious  ani- 
mals have  their  circulatory  system  so  arranged,, 
that  but  a  part  of  the  blood  passes  into  the  lungs  ; 
consequently  does  not  receive  the  benefit  of  free 
respiration.  The  necessary  deficiency  in  the 
warmth  and  in  the  exciting  power  of  the  blood, 
predisposes  them  to  a  torpid  state.  And  though 
some  of  them  move  with  rapidity  at  times  ;  they 
are  generally  torpid,  their  digestion  slow,  their 
senses  dull,  and  some  of  them  pass  the  winter  in 
a  lethargic  state.  Even  if  the  head  is  separated 
from  the  body,  life  is  still  manifested  by  muscular 
action  for  a  long  time.  Their  pulmonary  vessels 
are  so  small,  and  respiration  so  slow,  that  they 
may  remain  long  under  water  without  producing 
any  change  in  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 

ORDER  1.     CIIELONIA. 

Having  a  covering  consisting  of  a  shell  on  the 
back  and  on  the  breast,  and  walking  or  swimming 
frith  four  feet.  Heart  with  two  auricles. 

TESTUDO,  (tortoise,)  body  defended  by  a  bony 
covering,  or  coated  by  a  horny,  scaly  or  coriaceous 
integument ;  mouth  with  a  sort  of  serrate  mandi- 
bles, and  not  proper  teeth  ;  the  upper  mandible 
closing  over  the  lower. 


CLASS  III.      ORDERS  II  &  HI.  T7 

ORDER  2.     SAURIA. 

Having  a  covering  of  scales,  and  walking  on 
'two  or  four  feet.  Heart  with  two  auricles. 

LACERTA,  (lizard,  crocodile,  chamelion,)  body 
four-footed,  elongated,  tailed  ;.  without  any  secon- 
dary integument. 

DRACO,  (dragon,)  body  four-footed,  tailed,  and 
furnished  on  each  side  with  an  expansile,  radiate, 
wing-like  skin. 

ORDER  3.     OPHIDIA. 

Having  no  feet.     Heart  with  two  auricles, 

ANGUIS,  (slow- worm,)  scales  both  on  the  abdo- 
men, and  beneath  the  tail. 

AMPHISBAENA,  (itch- worm,)  body  cylindrical 
equal ;  annular  divisions  both  on  body  and  tail. 

BOA,  (giant  snake,)  scuta,  or  undivided  plates, 
both  oil  the  abdomen,  and  beneath  the  tail. 

COLUBER,  (viper,  asp,  ring-snake,  green-snake, 
spotted-snake,  striped-snake,)  scuta,  or  undivided 
lamella  under  the  abdomen  ;  broad  alternate 
scales,  or  divided  laminae,  under  the  tail. 

ACROCHORDUS,  (wTarted-snake,)  body  and  tail 
completely  covered  with  warts. 

HYDKUS,  (water-snake,)  body  slender  in  front, 
gradually  thickening,  scaled  :  tail  compressed. 

CROTALUS,  (rattle-snake,)  scuta  on  the  abdo- 
men ;  scuta  and  squamae  beneath  the  tail ;  rattle 
terminating  the  taiL 

LANGAYA,  (moccasin-snake,)  abdominal  plates  j 
caudal  rings  ;  terminal  scales. 

CAECILIA,  (eel-snake,)  body  cylindric,  equal  ^ 
wrinkles  on  the  sides  both  of  the  body  and  taiL 

*T 


CLASS  111.       ORDER  IV V 

ORDER  4,    BATRACHIA. 

Having  no  covering  of  shells  or  scales,  and  fur 
nished  with  tivo  or  four  feet.     Heart  with  one  au- 
ricle. 

RANA,  (frog,)  body  four-footed,  tail-less,  naked; 
or  with  no  integument  but  the  skin. 

SALAMANDRA,*  (salamander,  rain-newt,)  body 
elongated,  four-footed,  tail  long  ;  head  flat,  ears 
concealed  under  the  skin  ;  4  toes  before,  5  behind. 

PROTEUS,  (mud-dragon,)  body  elongated,  four- 
footed  ;  tail  compressed  vertically  ;  legs  short, 
three  toes  on  the  fore  feet  and  two  toes  on  the  hind 
feet. 

SIREN,  (siren,)  body  elongated,  two-footed  be- 
fore, no  feet  behind  ;  feet  with  five  toes. 

*  These  three  last  genera  have  the  general  form  of  lizards :  lmtthe> 
tiave  single  auricles  and  naked  bodies,  or  nearly  naked. 


79 


CLASS  IV.     PISCES. 

Remarks.  In  this  class  the  process  answering 
to  respiration  is  performed  by  presenting  the  blood 
to  the  air  contained  in  water  by  means  of  the  gills. 
In  effect  the  gills  are  as  lungs  exposed  inside  out. 
Fish  cannot  live  in  water,  from  which  air  has  been 
expelled  by  boiling,  until  it  has  been  exposed  a 
considerable  time  to  the  atmosphere,  or  been  agi- 
tated in  it.  They  take  water  into  the  mouth  and 
compress  it  upon  the  gills  by  the  gill-covers  ;- 
whereby  they  bring  the  air  contained  in  it  into 
close  contact  with  the  gills. 

Most  species  of  fish  have  an  air-vessel  which 
they  can  compress  and  dilate  at  pleasure  ;  by 
which  operation  they  ascend  and  descend  in  water 
without  much  exertion.  They  move  in  water  by 
their  fins,  which  they  use  like  oars,  or  wings. 
Those  fins  which  answer  to  fore  feet  are  called 
yectoral  fins — to  hind  feet,  caudal  fins — those  on 
the  back,  dorsal  fins — those  near  the  vent,  anal 
fins — those  of  the  abdomen,  ventral  fins.  The  ribs 
in  the  fins  and  gills  are  called  rays.  These  rays 
are  thorny,  soft*  articulated,  or  branched. 

Some  fish  are  migratory  like  birds ;  as  the  shad. 
They  move  in  vast  numbers  from  the  ocean  into 
fresh  water  rivers  in  the  spring  season,  and  depos- 
ite  their  eggs.  Some  reside  permanently  in  fresh 
water,  some  in  salt  water,  and  others  seem  to  live 
in  either  indifferently.  Those  which  pass  into 
fresh  water  rivers  in  the  spring  season,  encrease 
in  number  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  agricul- 
tural improvement  in  the  countries  through  which 
the  rivers  run.  The  shad  of  the  Hudson  have  en  - 


$0  CLASS  IV.       ORDER  I. 

creased  probably  from  five  to  ten  fold  within  the 
last  century.  Probably  the  encrease  of  animal 
substances,  along  the  river  and  its  tributary 
branches,  which  are  perpetually  washed  into  it, 
furnishes  an  immense  addition  to  the  stock  of 
food  suited  to  their  natures. 

Most  fish  feed  on  both  animal  and  vegetable 
substances.  Some  species  will  live  many  years 
in  a  vessel  of  mere  water.  Whether  they  possess 
the  power  of  decomposing  water  and  forming  new 
compounds  fit  for  food,  or  -whether  the  water  ab- 
sorbs organized  matter  from  the  atmosphere  suf- 
ficient to  support  them,  or  on  what  other  principle 
their  lives  arc  prolonged  in  this  situation,  is  not 
determined.  But  the  same  difficulties  present 
themselves  in  regard  to  the  leach  and  numerous 
other  avertebral  animals  ;  excepting  that  the  lat- 
ter have  a  less  complicated  organization. 

ORDER  1.     APODES.* 

Gill-membranes  (if  any}  with  long  rays  ;  ven- 
tral fins  none. 

ANGUILLA,  (eel,)  head  smooth  ;  nostrils  tubu- 
lar ;  eyes  covered  by  the  common  skin  ;  gill-mem- 
branes 10-rayed  ;  body  roundish,  smooth,  mu- 
cous ;  dorsal,  caudal,  and  anal  fins  united  ;  spi- 
racles (breathing  holes)  behind  the  head  or  pecto- 
ral fins. 

MURAENA,  (feel,  serpent-eel,)  body  eel-form  ; 
pectoral  fins  none  ;  spiracle  on  each  side  of  the 
neck. 

*  I  prefer  the  orders  of  Linneus  in  this  class,  for  reasons  given  in  the 
preface.  Cuvier  says  the  orders  of  fish  are  more  difficult  to  define  than 
Ike  orders  of  any  other  class  of  animals. 


CLASS  IV.       ORDER  T.  Si 

SYNBRANCHUS,  (surinam-eel,)  body  eel-form  ; 
pectoral  fins  none  ;  spiracle  single,  beneath  the 
neck. 

SPHAGEBRANCHUS,  body  eel-form  ;  pectoral  fins 
none  ;  spiracles  two.  beneath  the  neck. 

MONOPTERUS,  body  eel-form  ;  nostrils  placed 
between  the  eyes  ;  fin  caudal. 

GYMNOTUS,  (electrical-eel,")  head  with  lateral 
opercula  ;  tentacula  two  on  the  upper  lip  ;  eyes 
covered  by  the  common  skin  ;  gill-membrane  5- 
rayed  ;  body  compressed  and  carinated  by  a  fin 
beneath.  In  most  species  no  dorsal  fin. 

OPHIDIUM,  (eel-fish,)  head  somewhat  naked,, 
teeth  in  the  jaws  and  palate  and  throat  ;  branch!- 
ostegous  membrane  7-rayed,  patulous  ;  body  en- 
siforrn. 

ODONTOGNATHUS,  mouth  furnished  with  a  strong 
moveable  lamina  or  process  on  each  side  of  the 
upper  jaw  ;  gill- membrane  5-rayed. 

COMEPHORUS,  head  large,  with  depressed  snout  5 
mouth  large,  with  small  teeth  ;  body  elongated, 
compressed  ;  the  second  dorsal  fin  furnished  with 
several  long  naked  ra^s. 

TRIURUS,  (tripple-tail,)  snout  cylindric  ;  tooth 
single  in  each  jaw  ;  fin,  dorsal  and  anal,  extend- 
ed beyond  the  tail. 

AMMODYTES,  (launce,)  head  compressed,  nar- 
rower than  the  body  ;  upper  lip  doubled  ;  lower 
jaw  narrow,  pointed  ;  teeth  small  and  sharp  ;  gill- 
membrane  7-rayed  ;  body  long,  roundish,  with 
very  small  scales  ;  tail  distinct. 

LEPTOCEPHALUS,  (morris,)  head  small,  narrow  : 
body  very  thin,  compressed  ;  pectoral  fins  none. 

STYLEPHOHUS,  (thread-tail,)  eyes  pedunculated, 
standing  on  a  short  thick  cylinder  ;  snout  length- 


82  CLASS  IV.      OKDEIl  II. 

ened,  directed  upwards,  retractile  towards  the 
head  by  means  of  a  membrane  ;  mouth  without 
teeth  ?  branchiae  three  pair  beneath  the  throat  ; 
fins,  pectoral  small,  dorsal  the  length  of  the  back* 
caudal  short  with  spiny  rays  ;  body  very  long, 
compressed. 

TRICHIURUS,  (needle-tail,)  head  stretched  for- 
ward, with  lateral  gill-covers  ;  teeth  ensiform  and 
semisagittate  at  the  tips  ;  gill-membrane  7-rayed  : 
body  ensiforin,  compressed,  with  subulate,  fluless 
tail. 

ANARCHTCHAS,  (wolf-fish,)  head  rather  obtuse  ; 
fore-teeth,  both  above  and  below,  coniral,  diverg- 
ent, strong,  6  or  more  in  number ;  grinders  in  the 
lower  jaw  and  palate  rounded  ;  gill -membrane  6- 
rayed  ;  body  roundish  ;  tail-fin  distinct. 

XIPHIAS,  (sword-fish,)  head  with  the  upper 
jaw  terminating  in  a  sword-form  snout ;  mouth, 
without  teeth  ;  gill- membrane  8-rayed  ;  body 
roundish,  without  scales. 

STROMATEUS,  (stromat,)  head  compressed  : 
teeth  both  in  jaws  and  palate  ;  body  rhombic- 
ovate,  compressed,  lubricous. 

STERNOPTRIX,  (amber-fish,)  head  obtuse ;  mouth 
abrupt ;  teeth  very  minute  ;  gill-membrane  none  ; 
body  compressed,  without  visible  scales  ;  breast 
cariuate,  folded  both  ways  ;  abdomen  pellucid. 

ORDER  2.     JUGULARES. 

Gill-membranes  with  bony  rays  ;  ventral  Jim 
before  the  pectoral. 

CALLIONYMUS,  (dragonet,)  eyes  vertical,  ap- 
proximated ;  gill  covers  shut,  with  a  small  aper- 
ture on  each  side  the  neck  ;  gill-membrane  6- ray* 
ed  ;  body  naked  j  ventral  fins  very  remote. 


CLASS  IV.      ORDER  III.  83 

U RANOSCOPUS,  (star-gazer,)  head  large,  depres- 
sed, rough  ;  mouth  furnished  with  an  internal  cir- 
rus ;  gill-covers  edged  by  a  ciliated  border  ;  gill- 
membrane  5-rayed. 

TuACHiNus,(weever,  prickle-back,)  head  slight- 
ly roughened,  compressed  ;  gill-membrane  6-ray- 
ed ;  gill-covers  serrated  on  the  edge  ;  body  com- 
pressed ;  vent  situated  near  the  breast. 

GADUS,  ^cod-fish,  haddock,)  head  smooth  ;  gill- 
membrane  7-rayed  ;  body  oblong,  covered  with 
deciduous  scales  ;  fins  all  covered  by  the  common 
skin  ;  dorsal  arid  anal  generally  more  than  one  ; 
the  rays  unarmed  ;  ventral  fins  slender,  ending  in 
a  point. 

BLENNIUS,  (blenuy,)  head  sloping;  body  length- 
ened  ;  sub-compressed,  lubricous  ;  gill-membrane 
6-rayed  ;  ventral  fins  2,  3  or  4-rayed,  unarmed. 

KURTUS,  body  broad,  carinated  both  above  and 
below  ;  with  greatly  elevated  back  :  gill-mem- 
brane 2-rayed. 

ORDER  3.     THORACIC!. 

Gill-membranes  with  bony  rays  ;  ventral-fins 
under  the  pectoral. 

CEPOLA,  (band-fish,)  head  short ;  teeth  curved, 
sharp  ;  l>ody  very  long  and  compressed  ;  abdo- 
men extremely  short ;  gill-membrane  six-rayed. 

GYMNETRUS,  body  extremely  long,  compressed; 
teeth  numerous,  subulate  ;  gill-membrane  four  or 
five-rayed  ;  anal-fin  wanting, 

VANDELLIUS,  (vandal,)  body  extremely  long, 
sword-form  ;  gill -membrane  five  or  six-rayed  ; 
teeth  subulate,  those  in  front  largest. 

ECHENEIS,  (reinora,  sucking-fish;)  head  fur- 


84  CLASS  IV.      ORDER  lit. 

nished  above  with  a  flat,  ovate,  transversely  sul- 
cated  shield  ;  gill- membrane  six-rayed  ;  body 
without  scales. 

CoitYFHJENA,  head  sloping  suddenly  down- 
wards; gill-membrane  five-rayed  ;  dorsal-fin  the 
length  of  the  back. 

MACROURUS,  (imminset,)  head  large  ;  eyes 
large  ;  body  at  the  hind  part  attenuated  into  the 
tail. 

GOBIUS,  (goby,)  head  small ;  eyes  approximat- 
ed ;  gill-membrane  four-rayed;  ventral-fins  unit- 
ed into  the  form  of  a  funnel. 

GOBIOMORUS,  habit  as  the  Gobius  ;  with  vent- 
ral-fins distinct. 

COTTUS,  (bullhead,)  head  broader  than  the  bo- 
dy, spiney ;  eyes  vertecal  and  having  a  nictitating 
membrane  ;  gill-membrane  six-rayed.  In  most 
species  the  body  is  without  scales  ;  attenuated  to- 
wards the  tail,  and  with  two  dorsal-fins. 

SCOHPJENA,  head  large,  aculeated,  cirrose,  ob- 
tuse, without  scales,  sub-compressed  ;  eyes  neav 
each  other  ;  teeth  in  the  jaws,  palate  and  throat  ; 
gill-membrane  seven-rayed;  body  fleshy;  dor- 
sal-fin single,  with  the  rays  of  the  forepart  spiny. 

ZEUS,  (dory,)  head  compressed,  sloping  down; 
upper  lip  arched  by  a  transverse  membrane ;  tongue 
subulate  (in  most  species)  ;  body  compressed, 
broad,  sub-rhomboid,  thin,  and  of  a  bright  colour : 
gill  membrane  with  seven  perpendicular  rays,  the 
lowest  transverse  ;  dorsal  fin  (in  most  species) 
having  projecting  filiform  rays. 

PLEUROKECTES,  (flounder,  holibut,  sole,)  eyes 
both  on  the  same  side  of  the  head  ;  body  compress- 
ed, one  side  representing  the  back  and  the  other 
the  abdomen. 


IV.      ORDER  III.  85 

C5HJ&TODON,  (sheep-head,  unicorn  fish,)  head 
small  ;  mouth  also  small  ;  teeth  close  set,  flexile, 
setaceous  ;  gill- membrane  3,  4,  5  or  6-rayed  ;  bo« 
dy  broad,  compressed,  generally  banded ;  dorsal 
and  anal  fin  thick,  fleshy  and  scaly  at  the  base. 

ACANTHURUS,  teeth  small,  lobate  (in  most  spe 
€ies)  ;  tail  aculeate  on  each  side  5  habit  and  geiv 
eral  appearance  as  the  Chsetodon. 

EQUES,  (knight-fish,)  teeth  in  several  rows: 
body  banded. 

TRICHOPUS,  body  compressed;  ventral  fins 
with  an  extremely  long  filament. 

SCARUS,  jaws  bony,  divided  in  the  middle,, 
crenated  on  the  edge  ;  teeth  connate  and  conglom- 
erate. 

SPARUS,  teeth  strong ;  front  teeth  in  a  single 
row,  in  some  species,  in  2,  8  or  4  rows  in  others  ; 
grinders  (in  most  species)  convex,  smooth,  dispos- 
ed in  ranges,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  pavement  j 
lips  thick  ;  gill-covers  unarmed,  smooth,  scaly. 

GOMPHOSUS,  jaws  lengthened  into  a  tubular 
snout ;  teeth  small ;  those  in  front  larger. 

LABRUS,  (old- wife,)  teeth  strong  and  suba- 
cute  ;  grinders  sometimes  as  in  Sparus,  convex 
and  crowded;  lips  thick  and  doubled  ;  rays  of 
the  dorsal- fin,  in  some  species,  elongated  into  soft 
processes  ;  gill-covers  unarmed  and  scaly. 

OPHICEPHALUS,  head  coated  with  dissimilar 
scales  ;  body  elongated. 

LONCHURUS,  head  scaly  ;  ventral-fins  separate  i 
tail  lanceolate. 

SCI^ENA,  head  scaly  ;  dorsal-fins  two,  seated  m 
a  furrow,  into  which  they  may  occasionally  with- 
draw ;  gill-menibrane  six-rayed. 

PERCA,  (perch,  basse,  ruffe,)  teeth  sharp  ;  gill 
8 


86  CLASS  IV.      ORDER  IV, 

covers  three-leaved,  scaly,  serrated  ;  dorsal-fin 
spiny  on  the  forepart ;  scales  (in  most  species) 
hard  and  rough. 

HOLOCENTRUS,  habit  as  Perca ;  gill-covers  sca- 
ly, serrated  and  aculeated  ;  scales  hard  and  rough. 

BODIANUS,  (boclian,)  habit  as  Perca  ;  gill-cov- 
ers scaly,  not  serrated,  aculeated  ;  scales  smooth. 

SCOMBER,  (mackrel,)  body  oblong,  smooth, 
sometimes  carinated  by  the  lateral  line  ;  finlets 
(in  most  species)  above  and  below  towards  the 
tail. 

GASTEROSTEUS,  (stickleback,)  body  somewhat 
lengthened  ;  dorsal-spines  distinct  ;  ventral  fins 
spiny  ;  abdomen  carinated  or  shielded  on  the 
sides,  and  bony  beneath. 

MULLUS,  (surmullet,)  head  compressed,  scaly  : 
mouth  bearded  ;  gill-membrane  three-rayed ;  bo- 
c-y  covered  with  large  subdeciduous  scales. 

TRIGLA,  (gurnard,)  head  large,  mailed  and 
marked  by  rough  lines  ;  gill-covers  spiny  ;  gill- 
membrane  seven-rayed  ;  finger-form  processes  (in 
most  species)  near  the  pectoral-fins. 

TRACHICHTHYS,  head  rounded  in  front  ;  eye 
large  ;  mouth  wide,  toothless,  descending ;  gill- 
tnembrane  furnished  with  eight-rays  of  which  the 
four  lowermost  are  rough  on  the  edges  ;  scales 
rough  ;  abdomen  mailed  with  large  carinated 
scales. 

ORDER  4.    ABDOMINALES. 

Gill-membranes  with  bony  rays  ;  ventral-fin^ 
back  of  the  pectoral. 

COBITIS,  (loche,)  mouth  bearded  (in  most  spe- 
cies) ;  eyes  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  head  : 
body  nearly  of  equal  thickness  from  head  to  tail ; 


CLASS  IV.       ORDER  IV.  87 

scales  small,  deciduous  ;  air-bladder  hard  or  bo- 
ay- 

ANABLEPS,  head  subdepressed  ;  mouth  termi- 
nal ;  teeth  small,  on  the  jaws  ;  eyes  protuberant, 
with  double  pupils  ;  gill-membrane  six-rayed. 

AMJA,  head  bony,  naked,  rough,  with  visible 
sutures  ;  teeth  both  in  jaws  and  palate,  close-set, 
sharp,  numerous  ;  cirri  or  beards  two,  near  the 
nostrils  ;  gill-membrane  twelve-rayed  ;  body  sca- 

Jy- 

SILURUS,  head  large,  depressed  ;  mouth  wide,, 
bearded  by  longHentacula  5  body  lengthened,  na- 
ked ;  first  ray  of  the  pectoral-fins,  or  of  the  first 
dorsal-fin,  toothed  backwards. 

PLATYSTACUS,  habit  as  Silurus  ;  mouth  be- 
neath, bearded  with  cirri;  body  scaleless,  depress- 
ed ;  tail  long,  compressed. 

LORICARIA,  habit  as  Silurus  ;  body  mailed. 

SALMO,  (salmon,  trout,)  head  smooth,  compress- 
ed ;  tongue  cartilaginous  ;  teeth  both  in  the  jaws 
and  on  the  tongue  ;  gill  -membrane  from  four  to  ten- 
rayed  ;  body  compressed,  furnished  at  the  hind 
part  with  an  adipose  fin. 

ACANTHONOTUS,  body  elongated,  without  dor- 
sal-fin ;  spines  several  on  the  back  and  abdomen. 

FTSTULARIA,  (tobacco-pipe,  trumpet-fish,)  snout 
cylindric  ;  mouth  terminal  ;  body  lengthened  ; 
gill-membrane  seven-rayed. 

Esox,  (sea-pike,  gar-fish,)  head  somewhat  flat- 
tened above  ;  mouth  wide  ;  teeth  sharp,  in  the 
jaws,  palate  and  tongue  ;  body  lengthened  ;  dor- 
sal and  anal-fin  (in  most  species)  near  the  tail  and 
opposite  to  each  other. 

POLYPTERUS,  gill-membrane  single-rayed ;  dor* 
sal-fins  numerous. 


38  CLASS  iv.    ORDER  IT, 

ELOPS,  head  smooth  ;  edges  of  the  jaws  and 
palate  rough,  with  teeth  ;  gill-membrane  with 
thirty  rays,  and  armed  on  the  outside  in  the  mid- 
ille  with  five  teeth, 

ARGENTINA,  teeth  in  the  jaws  and  tongue  ;  gill- 
membrane  with  eight  rays  ;  vent  near  the  tail  ; 
ventral  fins  many-rayed. 

ATHERINA,  head  somewhat  flattened  over  the 
upper  jaw  ;  gill-membrane  six-rayed  ;  body 
marked  by  a  silver  lateral  stripe. 

MUGIL,  (mullet,)  lips  membranaceous  ;.  the  in 
ferior  one  carinated  within  ;  teeth  none  ;  at  the 
corners  of  the  mouth  an  inflected   callus;  gill- 
membrane  with   six  curved  rays  ;  body  fleshy  : 
scales  large  ;  dorsal-fins  two. 

EXOCGETUS,  (flying-fish,)  head  scaly  ;  jaws  con- 
nected on  each  side  ;  gill-membrane  ten-rayed  : 
pectoral-fins  very  large,  giving  the  power  of  fly- 


OLYNEMUS,  head  compressed,  covered  with 
scales  ;  snout  very  obtuse  and  prominent  ;  gill- 
membrane  five  or  seven-rayed  ;  separate  filaments 
or  setaceous  processes  near  the  base  of  the  pecto- 
ral-fins. 

CLUPEA,  (herring,  shad,  sprat,)  side-plates  of 
elre  upper  mandible  serrated  ;  gill-  membrane  eight 
rayed;  gills  internally  setaceous;  abdomen  sharp^ 
and  serrated  generally. 

CYPRINUS,  (carp,  tench,  bream,)  mouth  small 
and  toothless;  teeth  in  the  throat;  gill-membrane 
three  -rayed  ;  ventral-fins,  in  general,  nine-rayed. 

MORMYRUS,  snout  produced  ;  mouth  terminal  j 
teeth  several,  emarginated  j.  aperture  without  gill- 
cover  5  gill-membraae  single-rayed  j  body  scaly, 


CLASS    IV.       ORDER    V,  89 


ORDER  5.     BRANCHIOSTEGUS. 

Skeleton  cartilaginous ,  without  ribs  ;  gill-mem- 
tranes,  with  or  without  gill-covers. 

LOPIIIUS,  (angler,)  head  depressed  ;  teeth  nu- 
merous, sharp  ;  tongue  armed  with  teeth  ;  pecto- 
ral fins  brachiated  ;  no  gill  covers. 

CYCLOPTERUS,  (sucker,)  head  obtuse  ;  teeth  in 
the  jaws  ;  tongue  short  and  thick;  body  thick 
without  scales  ;  ventral  fins  united  into  a  circle. 

BALISTES,  (file-fish,)  teeth  several  in  both  jaws; 
body  compressed  ;  abdomen  cariuated  ;  skin 
tough,  often  reticulated  by  scale-like  divisions  ; 
no  gill-covers, 

OSTRACION,  (trunk-fish,)  teeth  pointing  for- 
ward, cylindric,  rather  blunt  ;  body  mailed  by  a 
bony  covering. 

DIODON,  jaws  bony,  undivided  ;  body  beset 
with  moveable  spines. 

CEPHALUS,  (mullet,  sun-fish,)  jaws  bony  ;  bo- 
dy terminating  abruptly,  so  that  the  whole  fish 
resembles  the  head  of  a  fish. 

TETRODON,  (sun  fish,  &c.)  jaws  bony,  divided 
at  the  tip  ;  body  roughened  beneath  ;  ventral  fins 
wanting. 

SYGNATHUS,  (pipe-fish,)  snout  sub-cylindric, 
with  terminal  mouth  ;  body  lengthened,  jointed, 
mailed  ;  ventral  fins  none. 

CENTRISCUS,  snout  lengthened;  body  compress- 
ed, carinated  beneath  ;  ventral  fins  united. 

CHIMERA,  (sea-inonster,)  head  pointed  on  tho 
upper  part,  mouth  placed  beneath,  with  the  upper 
lip  five-cleft ;  no  gill-covers  j  two  incisors  in  front 
above  and  below. 


§0  CLASS  It,      OKBER 


ORDER  6.     eHONDROPTERYGIOUS, 

Skeleton  cartilaginous?  without  ribs  ;  gill-mem- 
Ijranes  wanting,  with  or  without  gill-covers. 

PETROMYZO:N,  (lamprey,)  body  eel-form ;  mouth 
beneath,  with  numerous  teeth  in  circular  rows  : 
spiracles  seven  on  each  side  the  neck. 

GTASTROBRANCHUS,  (hag-fish,)  hody  eel-form^ 
mouth  beneath,  with  numerous  pectinate  teeth  : 
spiracles  two,  beneath  the  abdomen. 

RAJA,  (ray,)  mouth  situated  beneath  the  head, 
transverse,  beset  with  teeth  ;  spiracles  beneath, 
iive  on  each  side  of  the  neck  ;  body,  in  most  spe- 
cies, subrhomboidal. 

SQUALUS,  (shark,)  mouth  situated  beneath  the 
anterior  part  of  the  head,  with  numerous  teeth  dis- 
posed in  rows  ;  spiracles  on  each  side  the  neck 
(inmost  species  five,)  of  a  semi-lunar  shape  ;  body 
oblong,  somewhat  cylindric. 

SPATULAIUA,  habit  as  Squalus,  ;  spiracles  sin- 
gle on  each  side  the  neck  and  concealed  by  a  large 
gill-cover  ;  snout  produced,  spatulate  ;  mouth  be- 
neath the  head,  large  and  furnished  with  sharp 
serrate  teeth. 

Acii'ENCER,  (sturgeon,  sterlet,)  having  gill- 
covers ;  snout  bearded  beneath  :  mouth  beneath 
the  head,  ovate,  toothless,  retractile  ;  body  elon- 
gated, mailed  above  by  tubercles. 

PEGASUS,  having  gill-covers  ;  snout  elonged 
not  bearded  ;  mouth  beneath  ;  pectoral  fins  large  ; 
ventral  fins  single-rayed  ;  body  depressed,  mail- 
ed,, with  the  abdomen  divided  into  bony  segments* 


91 


CLASS  V.     ANNELIDA. 

Remarks.  Animals  of  this  class  have  hereto- 
fore been  distributed  among  various  divisions  of 
the  Linnean  verines  ;  but  no  naturalist  was  satis- 
fied with  such  a  distribution.  These  animals  hav- 
ing red  blood,  and  soft  jointed  bodies,  they  seem- 
ed to  be  excluded  from  all  places  in  the  system. 
The  French  naturalists  have  obviated  this  diffi- 
culty by  creating  a  new  class  ;  and  placing  this 
class  under  the  grand  division  Articulata.  As 
these  animals  have  no  limbs  for  walking,  it  was 
necessary  to  make  the  definition  of  this  division 
more  general — referring  to  their  jointed  bodies,, 
without  specifying  articulated  limbs.  They  are 
all  reproduced  like  plants  with  perfect  flowers. 

ORDER  i.     TUBICOLA. 

Semi-molluscous  and  encased  in  calcareous 
tubes. 

SERPULA,  (shell-worm,)  animal  a  terebella : 
shell  univalve,  tubular,  generally  adhering  to  oth- 
er substances  ;  often  separated  internally  by  di- 
visions at  uncertain  distances. 

SABELLA,  (cased- worm,)  animal  a  nereis,  with 
a  ringent  mouth  and  2  thicker  tentacula  behind 
the  head  ;  shell  tubular,  composed  of  particles  of 
sand,  broken  shells,  and  vegetable  substances; 
united  to  a  membrane  by  a  glutinous  cement. 

AMPHITRITE,  body  projecting  from  a  tube  and 
annulate  ;  peduncles  or  feet  small,  numerous  ; 
feelers  2,  approximate,  feathered  5  eyes  none*  In 
sea  and  wet  saml. 


;Q2  CLASS  V.       ORDERS  II.  &  III. 

DENTALIUM,  (tooth-shell,)  animal  a  terebella  ; 
shell  univalve,  tubular,  strait  or  slightly  curved, 
with  an  undivided  cavity  open  at  both  ends. 

ORDER  2.    DORSIBRANCHIA. 

Respiratory  organs  distributed  along  one  side 
of  the  body,  which  may  be  called  the  back. 

NEREIS,  body  long,  creeping,  with  numerous 
lateral  peduncles,  or  feet,  each  side  ;  feelers  sim- 
ple, rarely  none  ;  eyes  2,  or  4,  rarely  none.  In 
sea. 

APHROBITA,  (aphrodite,)  body  creeping,  ob- 
long, covered  with  scales,  and  furnished  with  nu- 
merous bristly  fasciculate  feet,  each  side  ;  mouth 
terminal,  cylindrical,  retractile  ;  feelers  2,  seta- 
ceous, annulate  ;  eyes  4.  In  sea. 

ORDER  3.     ABRANCHIA. 

Having  no  particular  respiratory  organs  ;  but 
the  office  of  respiration  is  performed  along  the 
whole  surface  of  the  skin. 

LUMBRICUS,  (angle- worm,  earth-worm,)  body 
round,  annulate,  with  (generally)  an  elevated 
fleshy  belt  near  the  head,  mostly  rough  with  mi- 
iiute  concealed  prickles  placed  longitudinally,  and 
furnished  with  a  lateral  aperture.  In  common 
soil,  wet  soil,  and  wet  rotten  wood  and  manure. 

NAIS,  (glass- worm,)  body  creeping,  long,  lin- 
ear, pellucid,  depressed;  peduncles  or  feet  with 
small  bristles  each  side  ;  tentacular  or  feelers, 
none  ;  eyes  two  or  none.  In  stagnant  waters, 
rivers  and  wet  sand. 


CLASS  V.      ORDER  III.  93 

HIRUDO,  (leech,  blood-sucker,)  body  oblong, 
truncate  at  both  ends,  unarmed,  cartilaginous  ; 
moves  by  dilating  head  and  tail  and  contracting 
itself  into  an  arch.  In  water  and  damp  places. 

GORDIUS,  (hair-worm,  hair-snake,)  body  round, 
filiform,  equal,  smooth.  In  water  and  damp  pla^ 
ces. 


94 


CLASS  VI.     CRUSTACEA. 

Remarks.  These  animals  were  placed  in  the 
class  Insecta  by  Lineas.  There  was  no  difficul- 
ty in  this  arrangement,  as  the  characters  are  defi- 
nite and  constant.  The  separation  is  generally 
approbated.  In  truth  there  seems  to  be  a  wide 
difference  between  a  lobster  and  a  butterfly.  But 
some  species  of  the  class  Insecta  have  something 
of  a  crust,  which  causes  many  naturalists  to  ques* 
tion  the  beneficial  uses  of  this  subdivision. 

They  respire  by  a  kind  of  gills  or  lamellar  py- 
ramids, sometimes  furnished  with  threads.  These 
are  placed  at  the  articulations  of  the  body.  They 
generally  have  four  antennse.  Their  crustaceous 
covering  is  very  strong  in  some  species,  as  the  lob- 
ster ;  in  others  it  is  thin  and  tender. 

The  crusts  of  some  species  have  been  found  iu 
the  state  of  petrifactions  or  relique.  But  I  do  not 
think  Brongniard  has  demonstrated  the  trilobite 
to  have  been  of  this  class.  I  have  recently  found 
trilobites  in  a  calciferous  slate,  with  their  carbo- 
nate of  lime  shells  still  remaining.  I  believe  M, 
Brongniard  will  hereafter  convince  himself  that 
the  trilobite  was  a  rnultivalve  molluscous  animal, 

ORDER  l.    DECAPODIA. 

Head  confounded  with  the  trunk* 

CANCER,  (crab,  lobster,)  having  ten  feet  ;  head 
united  to  the  corslet,  forming  a  shield,  covering 
the  whole  anterior  part  of  the  body. 


CLASS  VI.      ORDERS  II.  TO  V*  $5 

ORDERS  SECOND  TO  FIFTH. 

Head  distinct  from  the  trunk. 

Remark.  These  four  orders  of  Latreille  must 
be  united,  if  we  retain  the  old  Linnean  genera,  as 
adopted  by  Shaw,  according  to  the  plan  of  this 
text-book. 

SQUILLA,  tail  longer  than  the  thorax ;  each  man- 
dible bears  a  feeler  ;  eyes  pedicelled  and  movea- 
ble. 

ONISCUS,  (sow-bug,)  legs  fourteen  ;  antennae 
setaceous  ;  body  oval. 

MONNOCULUS,  (swimming-bug,)  feet  formed  for 
swimming  ;  body  covered  by  a  crustaceous  tegu- 
ment ;  eyes,  in  most  species,  approximated  and 
Imbedded  in  the  shell. 


96 


CLASS   VII.     ARACHN1DA. 

Remarks.  Animals  of  this  class  also  were 
placed  in  the  class  Insecta  by  Linneus.  They 
are  truly  insects  ;  but  constituting  a  numerous 
and  interesting  family  of  a  peculiar  character,  few 
object  to  the  separation.  The  web  of  the  spider 
attracted  the  notice  of  the  earliest  observers  ;  and 
it  forms  a  subject  of  refference  in  the  writings  of 
Solomon.  Were  it  not  for  that  ridiculous  affec- 
tation which  causes  the  feigned  screaches  and 
screams  so  often  heard  at  the  approach  of  spiders, 
nothing  in  the  whole  round  of  natural  science 
would  be  a  more  favorite  subject  of  observation 
and  study,  than  the  instincts  and  structures  of 
these  beautiful  and  inoffensive  animals. 

ORDER  1.     PULMONARIA. 

Having  hollow  organs  or  sacks,  in  some  measure 
resembling  lungs,  which  subserve  the  purpose  qf 
respiration. 

ARANEA,  (spider,)  legs  eight ;  eyes  eight  ov 
six  ;  mouth  furnished  with  two  hooks  or  holders  ; 
feelers  two,  jointed,  the  tips  of  which,  in  the  male, 
distinguish  the  sex  ;  abdomen  terminated  by  pa- 
pillae or  teats,  through  which  the  threads  of  the 
web  are  drawn. 

SCORPIO,  (scorpion,)  legs  eight,  besides  the  two 
frontal  claspers  ;  body  ovate,  elongated  ;  eyes 
eight,  three  on  each  side  of  the  thorax  and  two  on 
the  back ;  tail  elongated,  jointed  and  terminated 
by  a  curved  pincer ;  combs  (toothed  processes)  si- 
tuated beneath,  between  the  thorax  and  abdomen. 


CLASS    VII.       ORDER    II.  97 

ORDER  2.     TR AC  HENT A. 

Having  no  cavity  resembling  lungs,  but  respir- 
ing by  a  kind  of  trachea-like  radiation  of  branched 
tubes. 

PHALANGIUM,  (grey-beard,)  legs  eight ;  eyes 
four,  two  vertical  and  two  lateral ;  front  furnish- 
ed with  cheliform  antennae  ;  abdomen  generally 
rounded. 

ACARUS,  (mite,)  legs  eight ;  eyes  two,  situate 
on  each  side  of  the  head  ;  feelers  two,  jointed,, 
leg-form. 


9 


{        98        ) 

CLASS  VIII.     INSECTA. 

Remarks.  This  class  comprises  an  immense 
assemblage  of  small  animals.  They  are  mostly 
of  a  structure  which  is  very  favorable  to  rapid  mo- 
tion. Those  which  have  wings  mostly  pass 
through  four  states  of  existence.  First  the  egg, 
second  the  larva,  third  the  crysalis,  fourth  the 
winged  insect.  In  every  state  they  are  extremely 
interesting. 

In  classifying  insects,  those  which  have  wings 
are  separated  from  those  which  have  not.  But 
still  there  are  several  species  wherein  the  male 
and  female  differ  in  this  particular.  In  general, 
however,  insects  are  easily  classified  and  describ- 
ed, and  are  very  fit  subjects  for  the  exercise  of 
the  discriminating  powers  of  the  young  naturalist. 
By  studying  insects  and  becoming  acquainted 
with  their  beautiful  structure,  all  those  artificial 
horrors,  excited  by  their  presence,  are  changed 
into  feelings  of  adoration  for  Him,  who  drew  out 
their  microscopic  tubes,  and  set  their  respective 
fluids  to  flow  in  them. 

ORDER  i.    MYRIAPODIA. 

Having  any  number  of  feet  above  six  and  no 
wings  ;  head  not  distinct  from  the  trunk. 

JULUS,  (round  centipede,)  antennae  moniliform  ; 
feelers  two,  jointed ;  body  subcylindric ;  legs  num- 
erous, twice  as  many  on  each  side  as  the  segments 
of  the  body. 

SCOLOPENDRA,  (flat  centipede,)  antennae  seta- 
ceous ;  body  depressed  j  legs  numerous,  equalling 


CLASS  VIII.      ORDERS  II.  III.  &  IV.  99 

the  number  of  segments  of  the  body  on  each  side  ; 
feelers  two,  setaceous. 

ORDER  2.    THYSANOURA. 

Having  but  six  feet,  with  some  other  organs  of 
movement,  which  appear  like  fringes  ;  no  wings. 

LEPISMA,  (lepisma,)  legs  six,  formed  for  run- 
ning ;  mouth  with  two  setaceous  and  two  headed 
feelers  ;  body  imbricate  with  minute  scales  ;  tail 
furnished  with  extended  bristles. 

PODURA,  (spring-tail,)  legs  six,  formed  for  run- 
ning ;  eyes  two,  composed  of  eight;  tail  forked, 
formed  for  leaping,  inflected  ;  antennae  setaceous; 
elongated. 

ORDERS.    PARASITA. 

Having  six  feet,  no  fringe-like  organs ;  no 
wings  ;  crawl  upon  other  animals. 

PEDICULUS,  (louse,)  legs  six,  formed  for  walk- 
ing ;  mouth  furnished  with  an  exsert  piercer  ;  an- 
tennae the  length  of  the  thorax  ;  abdomen  depress- 
ed, sublobate. 

ORDER  4.     SUCTORIA. 

•5V0  wings  ;  beak  a  sucker  enclosed  in  a  cylin- 
dric  sheath  of  two  articulated  pieces. 

PULEX,  (flea,)  legs  six,  formed  for  leaping ; 
eyes  two ;  antennae  filiform ;  mouth  furnished 
with  an  inflated,  setaceous  snout,  concealing  a  pier- 
cer, abdomen  compressed. 


100  CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  V. 

ORDER  5.     COLEOPTERA. 

Having  four  wings,  the  outer  pair  ( called  ely- 
tra }  crustaceans,  the  inner  pair  folded  transverse- 
ly, or  not  extended  longitudinally. 

Sec.  A.     Tarsus  with  Jive  joints  ;  palpi  six. 

CICINDELA,  (tiger-bug,)  antennae  setaceous  £ 
jaws  prominent,  denticulated  ;  eyes  protuberant  \ 
thorax  roundish  and  margined. 

CARABUS,  autennse  setaceous  ;    thorax    some 
what   heart-form,  truncated  in  front,  margined  ; 
abdomen  ovate  ;  wing-sheaths  margined. 

PYTISCUS;  (swimmer,)  antennae  setaceous  ;  hind 
legs  villose,  formed  for  swimming  and  terminated 
by  scarcely  visible  claws. 

HYDRACHNA,  (water  witch,  water-spider,)  legs 
eight,  formed  for  swimming;  head,  thorax  and  ab- 
domen united,  or  connate  ;  feelers  two,  jointed  ; 
©yes  2,  4  or  6. 

GYRINUS,  (glimmer-cheffer,)  antennae  clavate^ 
stiff,  shorter  than  the  head,  eyes  apparently  fouiy 
two  above  and  two  below. 

Sec.  B.     Tarsus  with  five  joints  ;  palpi  four  ? 
antennae  not  enlarged  at  the  ends  nor  luminated. 

STAPHYLINUS,  (rove  beetle,)  antennae,  monilifoi^m ; 
wing-sheaths  halved  ;  wiags  covered  ;  tail  simple, 
occasionally  protruding  two  oblong  vesicles. 

BUPRESTIS,  antennae  setaceous,  of  the  length  of 
the  thorax  ;  head  half  withdrawn  beneath  the 
thorax. 

ELATER,  (snap-bug,)  antennas  setaceous  ;  body 
oblong,  when  placed  on  the  back,  springing  up  by 


CLASS  VIII.       ORDER  V.  101 

means  of  the  pectoral  spine  starting  from  the  ab- 
dominal foramen. 

LAMPYRIS,  (glow-worm,)  antennae  filiform  ; 
wing-sheaths  flexile  ;  thorax  flat,  semiorbicular^ 
concealing  and  surrounding  the  head ;  abdomen 
with  the  sides  plaited  into  papillae  ;  female  wing- 
less  (in  most  species.) 

CANTHARIS,  antennae  setaceous;  thorax  margi- 
ned, shorter  than  the  head  ;  wing-sheaths  flexile  ; 
abdomen  plated  into  papillae  on  the  sides. 

PTINUS,  (plant-thief,)  antennae  filiform,  with 
the  three  last  joints  largest;  thorax  roundish  with- 
out distinct  margin,  receiving  the  head  occasion- 
ally. 

Section  C.     Tarsus  with  five  joints  ;  palpi  four  $ 
antennae  enlarged  at  the  end  or  laminated. 

HISTER,  antennae  headed  by  a  somewhat  solid 
tip,  lowest  joint  compressed  and  decurved  ;  head 
retractile  ;  mouth  forcipated  ;  wing-sheaths  short- 
er than  the  body  ;  fore  legs  toothed. 

SILPHA,  (protector,)  antennas  thickening,  to- 
wards the  tip  ;  wing-sheaths  margined  ;  head 
prominent,  thorax  flattish,  margined. 

DERMESTES,  (leather-chaffer,)  antennae  clavate, 
with  perfoliate  tip,  the  three  last  joints  larger  than 
the  rest ;  thorax  convex,  scarcely  or  very  slightly 
margined  ;  head  withdrawn  at  pleasure  beneath 
the  thorax. 

BYRRHUS,  antennas  clavate,  subsolid,  subcom 
pressed. 

HYDROPHILUS,  (driver,)  antennae  clavate-per- 
foliate;  hind  legs  villose  and  formed  for  swim- 
ming. 


£02  CfcASS  VIII.       ORDER  V,. 

SCARABJEUS,  (beetle,)  antennae  or  horns  clavate* 
with  a  fissile  tip  ;  legs  generally  toothed  ;  body 
thick  and  compact. 

Luc  ANUS,  (ox -chaffer,)  antenna;  clavate,  with 
compressed  tip,  divided  into  lamellas  on  the  inner 
side  ;  jaws  stretched  forward,  exsert  and  toothed. 

Sec.  D.     Tarsi  with  one  more  joint  to  each  of  the 
four  forward  ones,  than    to  the  two  hindmost* 
Generally  four  to  each  forward  one. 

TENEBRIO,  antennae  moniliform  with  the  last 
joint  rounded  ;  thorax  planoconvex,  margined  : 
head  exsert  ;•  wing-sheath  stiffish. 

DIAPERIS,  (shield-bug,)  head  concealed  under 
the  corslet  or  received  in  a  deep  excavation  in  its. 
forward  end  ;  the  sides  of  the  corslet  and  of  the 
chest  project  over  the  body.  It  is  often  very  flak> 
oval,  and  in  the  form  of  a  shield. 

MELOE,  (spanish  fly,)  antennae  moniliform,  with 
the  last  joint  ovate  ;  thorax  roundish  ;  wing- 
sheaths  soft  and  flexile  ;  head  inflected. 

MORDELLA,  antennae  filiform,  serrated  ;  head 
bent  down  when  disturbed;  feelers  compressed* 
clavate,  obliquely  truncated  ;  wing-sheaths  curv- 
ing downwards  towards  the  tip  ;  lamina  broad, 
before  the  thighs,  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen. 

Sec.  E.      Tarsus  always  with  four  joints. 

BRUCHUS,  antennae  filiform,  gradually  thicken- 
ing ;  head  retracted  and  inflected  ;  thorax  attenu- 
ate in  front ;  wing-shells  truncated,  shorter  thai%< 
the  abdomen. 

ATTELABUS,  head  attenuated  behind  ;  antennae 
thickening  towards  the  tip. 


CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  V.  10& 

CURCULIO,  (weevil,)  antennae  subclavate  situat- 
ed on  the  snout ;  snout  horny  prominent. 

PALSUS,  antennae  of  2  joints,  the  upper  very 
large,  inflated,  moveable,  and  hooked  ;  head 
stretched  forward  j  wing-sheaths  flexile,  deflec- 
ted, truncate. 

MYCETOPHAGUS,  body  oval  ;  antennae  gradual- 
ly enlarged,  perfoHate  in  a  great  number,  (they 
terminate  in  a  mass  of  three  or  four  articulations 
upon  each  other.)  They  live  in  mushrooms  and 
under  the  bark  of  trees. 

CERAMBYX,  (goat-chaffer,  goat-horns,)  antennae 
slender  and  gradually  attenuated  ;  thorax  either 
spiny  or  bulging  ;  wing-sheaths  sublinear  ;  body 
oblong. 

LEPTURA,  (wood-beetle,)  antennae  setaceous  ; 
wing-sheaths  attenuated  towards  the  tip  ;  thorax 
subcylindric. 

NECYDALIS,  antennae  setaceous  ;  wing-sheaths 
smaller,  shorter  and  narrower  than  the  wings  ;  tail 
simple. 

HISPA,  (prickly-beetle,)  antennae  spindle-form, 
approximate  at  the  base,  situate  between  the  eyes  ; 
thorax  and  wing-shells  generally  aculated. 

CASSIDA,  (tortoise-beetle,)  antennae  moniliform, 
thickening  towards  the  tip  ;  head  concealed  be- 
neath the  shield  of  the  thorax  ;  thorax  and  wing- 
sheaths  dilated  and  margined;  body  oval,  convex, 
flat  beneath. 

CHRYSOMELA,  antennae  moniliform,  thickening 
towards  the  tip  ;  thorax  margined  ;  body  ovate  or 
oblong,  convex. 


104  CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  YI, 

Sec*  F.  Tarsus  always  with  three  or  with  two 
joints. 

COCCINELLA, .(lady-bug,  ladies'-bird,)  antennae 
subclavate  and  truncate  ;  feelers  with  semicordate 
tips  ;  body  hemispheric,  with  the  abdomen  flat 
beneath. 

ORDER  6.     ORTHOPTERA. 

Having  four  wings,  the  outer  pair  generally  of 
a  leathery  texture  ;  the  inner  pair  plaited  hngi- 
tudinally. 

FORFICULA,  (earwig,)  antennge  setaceous  ;  wing- 
sheaths  halved  ;  wings  covered  ;  tail  forcipated. 

BLATTA,  (cockroach,)  head  inflected  ;  antennae 
setaceous  ;  wings  flat,  subcoriaceous  ;  thorax  flat- 
ish  orbicular,  margined  ;  feet  formed  for  running; 
hornlets-  two  over  the  tail. 

MANTIS,  (soothsayer,)  head  unsteady,  armed 
with  jaws  and  furnished  with  palpi  or  feelers  ;  an- 
tennae setaceous  ;  thorax  linear;  wings  4,  membra- 
naceous,  convolute  ;  the  lower  pair  pl&ted  ;  fore- 
legs, in  most  species,  compressed,  serrated  beneath 
and  armed  with  a  single  claw  and  with  a  setace- 
ous, lateral,  jointed  foot  ;  hind-legs  smooth,  form- 
ed for  walking. 

PHASMA,  (spectre,)  head  large  ;  antennse  fili- 
form ;  eyes  small,  rounded  stemmata  8,  between 
the  eyes  ;  wings  4,  membranaceous,  the  upper 
pair  abbreviated,  the  lower  plaited  ;  feet  formed 
for  walking. 

GRYLLUS,  (grass-hopper,  locust,)  head  inflected^ 
armed  with  jaws,  and  furnished  with  feelers  ;  an- 
teimain  most  species,  either  filiform  or  setaceous^ 


CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  VII.  105 

wings  4,  deflexed,  convolute,  lower  ones  plaited  ; 
Liud-legs  formed  for  leaping  ;  claws  double  on  all 
the  feet. 

ORDER  7.    HEMIPTERA. 

Having  four  wings,  the  outer  pair  mostly  with 
the  upper  half  crustaceous  and  the  lower  half  mem- 
tranaceous  ;  inner  edges  generally  crossing  each 
other  at  an  angle  more  or  less  acute. 

CIMEX,  (bug,  fruit-bug,)  snout  inflected  ;  anten- 
nae longer  than  thorax  ;  wings  4,  cross-complicate 
or  folded  crosswise,  the  upper  pair  coriaceous  on 
the  upper  part  ;  back  flat  with  the  thorax  mar- 
gined ;  feet  formed  for  running. 

NEPA,  (water-scorpion,)  snout  inflected  ;  wings 
4,  cross-complicate,  coriaceous  on  the  upper  part ; 
fore-feet  cheliform,  (forcipated)  the  rest  formed 
for  walking. 

NOTONECTA,  (boat-fly,)  snout  inflected  ;  anten- 
nae shorter  than  thorax  ;  wings  coriaceous  on  the 
upper  part  and  crossed  over  each  other  ;  hind 
feet  edged  with  hairs  and  formed  for  swimming. 

CICADA,  (american  locust,  caty-did,  greeh-grass- 
liopper,)  snout  inflected  ;  antennae  very  short,  se- 
taceous ;  wings  4,  membranaceous,  deflected  , 
feet,  in  most  species,  formed  for  leaping. 

FULGORA,  (lantern-fly,)  head  produced  into  an 
inflated  hollow  front  ;  antennae  beneath  the  eyes^ 
of  2  joints,  the  exterior  larger  and  globose  ;  snout 
inflected  ;  feet  formed  for  walking. 

CHERMES,  (gall- bug,)  snout  pectoral ;  antennsa 
longer  than  thorax  ;  wings  4,  deflexed  ;  thorax 
gibbose  ;  feet  formed  for  walking* 


106  CLASS  VIII.     ORDER  Till. 

THRIPS,  snout  inconspicuous  ;  antennae  the  length 
of  the  thorax  ;  body  linear  ;  abdomen  reflexile 
upwards  •  wings  4,  straight,  long,  narrow,  incum- 
bent on  the  back,  slightly  crossed. 

APHIS,  (plant-louse,)  snout  inflected  5  antennae 
longer  than  thorax ;  wings  either  4,  upright  or 
none  ;  feet  formed  for  walking  ,  abdomen  general- 
ly furnished  with  2  horns  or  processes. 

Coccus,  (cochineal  bug,)  snout  pectoral ;  abdo- 
men bristled  behind  ;  wings  2  in  males,  upright; 
in  females  none. 

ORDER  8.    NEUROPTERA. 

Having  four  naked  membranaceous  wings, 
finely  reticulated  ;  the  inn&fcpair  as  large  as  the 
outer,  and  sometimes  larger  one  way, 

LIBELLULA,  (dragon's  needle,  dragon-fly,) 
mouth  furnished  with  several  jaws  ;  antennae  very 
short ;  wings  4>  extended  $  tail,  in  the  male,  for- 
cipated. 

EPHEMERA,  (day-fly,  ephemera,)  mouth  without 
teeth  or  feelers  ;  s lemmata  2,  very  large,  above 
the  eyes  ;  wings  upright,  lower  pair  smaller;  tail 
bristled. 

PANORPA,  (scorpion- fly,)  snout  horny,  cylin- 
dric,  with  2  feelers  ;  stemmata  3  ;  antennae  longer 
than  thorax  ;  tail  of  the  female  ehelated  or 
clawed. 

MYRMELEON,  (lion-ant,)  mouth  furnished  with 
jaws  ;  teeth  2  ;  feelers  4,  elongated  ;  stemmata 
none  ;  antennae  clavate,  of  the  length  of  the  tho- 
rax ;  wings  deflected  ;  tail  of  the  male  furnished 
with  a  forceps  consisting  of  2  straitish  filaments. 


CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  IX.  107 

HEMEROBIUS,  (gold-eye,)  mouth  with  2  teeth 
4  feelers;  stemmata  none;  wings  deflected, 
not  plaited  ;  antennae  longer  than  the  convex 
thorax,  setaceous,  stretched  forwards. 

RAPHIDIA,  mouth  with  2  teeth  ;  head  depress* 
ed,  horny  ;  feelers  4  ;  steramata  3  ;  wings  de- 
flexed  ;  antennae  the  length  of  thorax,  which  is 
cylindric,  and  elongated  in  front  ;  tail  of  females 
furnished  with  a  recurved  lax  bristle. 

TERMES,  (ticking-fly.)  legs  6,.  formed  for  run- 
ning ;  eyes  2  ;  antennae  setaceous  ;  mouth  fur- 
nished with  2  jaws. 

PHRYGANEA,  (cadow-fly,)  mouth  without  teeth, 
with  4  feelers  ;  stemrnata  3  ;  antennae  longer  than 
thorax  ;  wings  incumbent,  lower  pair  plaited. 

ORDER  9.     HYMENOPTERA. 

Having  four  nmked  membranaceous  wings  ;  the 
inner  or  hindmost  pair  always  smaller  than  the 
others. 

TENTHREDO,  (saw-fly,)  mouth  with  jaws,  with- 
out proboscis  ;  wings  flat,  swelled  or  slightly  in- 
flated ;  piercer  consisting  of  2  serrated  and  scarce- 
ly projecting  laminae  ;  scutellum  with  2  distant 
granules. 

SIREX,  mouth  with  2  strong  jaws  ;  feelers  2, 
truncated  ;  antennae  filiform,  with  more  than  24 
joints  ;  piercer  exserted,  stiff,  serrate  ;  abdomen 
sessile,  pointed  ;  wings  lanceolate  and  all  flat. 

ICHNEUMON,  (ichneumon,)  mouth  with  jaws, 
without  tongue;  antennas  with  more  than  30  joints; 
abdomen,  in  most  species,  peduncled  ;  piercers 
€xsert,  with  a  cylindric  bivalve  sheath. 


108  CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  X. 

CYNIPS,  (gall-fly,)  mouth  with  jaws,  but  with 
out  proboscis  ;  piercer  or  sting  spiral,  generally 
concealed. 

GHRYSIS,  (gold-wasp,)  mouth  with  jaws,  with* 
out  proboscis  ;  antennae  filiform  with  the  first  joint 
lengthened  the  other  11  short;  abdomen  arched 
beneath,  with  a  lateral  scale  on  each  side  ;  vent 
dentated  ;  piercer  subexsert ;  wings  flat  ;  body 
gilded. 

FORMICA,  (ant,)  head  large,  with  diffracted  fili- 
form antennae  ;  mouth  with  large  jaws  and  4  un- 
equal feelers  ;  thorax  narrowed  behind  and  furn- 
ished with  an  upright  scale  ;  abdomen  subglo- 
bose  ;  neutrals  apterous;  neutrals  and  females 
furnished  with  a  concealed  sting* 

MUTILLA,  antennae  filiform  ;  body  downy  ; 
thorax  retuse  behind  ;  wings  frequently  wanting ; 
sting  concealed. 

SPHEX,  (solitary- wasp,)  mouth  with  jaws,  with- 
out tongue  ;  antennae  of  10  joints  ;  wings  flat,  in- 
cumbent, not  plaited  ;  sting  concealed. 

VESPA,  (wasp,  hornet,)  mouth  with  jaws,  with- 
out proboscis  ;  upper  wings  plaited  ;  sting  con- 
cealed ;  eyes  lunated  ;  body  smooth. 

APIS,  (bee,)  mouth  furnished  with  jaws  and  an 
inflected  proboscis  with  2  bivalve  sheaths  ;  wings 
flat,  or  without  plaits  ;  sting  concealed  in  the  fe- 
male and  neutral  bees. 

ORDER  10.    LEP1DOPTERA. 

Having  four  membranaceous  wings,  generally 
large,  covered  with  small  scales.  The  scales  ap- 
pear like  dust?  when  brushed  off  under  the  naked 
eye. 

PAPILIO,  (butterfly,)  antennae  thickening  to- 


CLASS  VIII.      ORDERS  XI.  &  XII.  109 

wards  the  extremity,  commonly  terminating  in  a 
knob  or  clavate  tip  ;  wings  when  sitting,  erect  and 
meeting  upwards  ;  night  diurnal. 

SPHINX,  (hawk-miller,)  antennse  thickest  in  the 
middle,  subprismatic  and  attenuated  at  each  ex 
tremity  ;  wings  deflected  ;  flight  strong  and  com 
monly  in  the  morning  or  evening. 

PHALAENA,  (candle-miller,  moth,)  antennae  se- 
taceous, gradually  lessening  from  the  base  to  tip  j 
wings,  when  sitting,  generally  deflexed  and  bent 
down  archwise  ;  flight  nocturnal. 

ORDER  11.     RH1PTERA. 

Having  two  membranaceous  wings  plaited  into 
a  fan,  with  two  small  elytralike  moveable  bodies 
near  their  origin,  at  the  forepart  of  the  corslet. 
Ji  very  trifling  order,  probably  will  be  rejected 
hereafter. 

XENOS,  twro  brandies  of  antennae  have  no  ai> 
ticulation  ;  the  abdomen  is  horned.  Under  scales 
of  other  insects. 

STYLOPS,  the  upper  branch  of  the  hindmost 
piece  of  the  antennas  is  composed  of  three  small 
joints  ;  the  abdoaien  is  retractile  and  fleshy. — 
Under  scales  of  other  insects. 

ORDER  12.     DIPTERA. 

Having  but  two  wings. 

CULEX,  (gnat,  musqueto,)  mouth  consisting  of 
setaceous  piercers,  within  a  flexible  sheath. 

TIPULA,  (crane-fly,)  mouth  arched  over  by  the 
upper  jaw  extending  from  the  head  ;  palpi  2,  re- 
curved, longer  than  the  head  ;  proboscis  recurved, 
very  short. 

10 


110  CLASS  VIII.      ORDER  XII. 

ASILUS,  (hornet-fly,)  mouth  with  a  straight- 
horny,  bivalve  snout. 

EMPIS,  mouth  with  a  horny,  inflected,  bivalve 
snout,  longer  than  the  thorax,  with  horizontal 
valves. 

BOMBYLIUS,  (humming-fly,)  mouth  furnished 
with  a  very  long  porrected,  setaceous,  bivalve 
trunk  ;  with  horizontal  valves  including  setace- 
ous piercers. 

TABANUS,  (ox-fly,)  mouth  formed  into  a  fleshy 
proboscis,  terminated  by  2  lips  ;  rostrum  furnished 
with  2  pointed  palpi,  placed  on  the  side  of,  and 
parallel  to,  the  proboscis. 

CONOPS,  mouth  with  a  porrected,  jointed  snout* 

OESTRUS,  (gad-fly,)  antennae  triarticulate,  very 
short,  sunk  ;  face  broad,  depressed,  vesicular  ; 
mouth  a  simple  orifice  ;  feelers  2,  biarticulate, 
sunk  ;  tail  inflected. 

Muse  A,  (house  fly,)  mouth  formed  into  a  fleshy 
proboscis,  with  2  lateral  lips  ;  palpi  none. 

DIOPSIS,  (stem-eye,)  antennas  very  small,  seta- 
ceous, eyes  situated  on  very  long  footstalks. 

HIPPOBOSCA,  (horse-fly,)  mouth  furnished  with 
a  bivalve,  cylindric,  obtuse,  na,tant  snout ;  body 
depressed  ;  feet  furnished  with  several  claws. 


Ill 


CLASS  IX.     MOLLUSCA. 

Remarks.  I  include  the  whole  grand  division, 
Mollusca,  in  one  class  ;  though  Cuvier  subdivides 
it  into  the  classes,  Cephalopodia,  head-footed — 
Pteropodia,  wing-footed — Gasteropodia,  trunk- 
footed — Jlcephala,  headless — Bracniopodia,  arm- 
footed — Cirrhopodia,  fibre-footed.  As  this  classi- 
fication is  founded  upon  the  anatomical  structure 
of  the  fleshy  interior  of  the  animals,  it  is  manifest 
that  they  cannot  be  classified  by  their  shells  ac- 
cording to  this  system.  As  our  investigations  are 
mostly  confined  to  the  shells,  I  have  adopted  the 
Linnean  sections  for  orders  ;  and  prefixed  an  or- 
der for  naked  molluscous  animals,  which  are  not 
of  the  radiated  division.  Could  we  always  ob- 
tain the  molluscous  interior,  the  classification  of 
Cuvier  would  be  preferable, 

ORDER  1.  NUDATA. 

Soft  animals  destitute  of  shells. 

SEPIA,  (cuttle-fish,)  body  fleshy,  receiving  the 
breast  in  a  sheath,  with  a  tubular  aperture  at  its 
base  ;  arms  8,  beset  with  numerous  warts  or  suck- 
ers, and  in  most  cases  2  peduncled  tentaculae  ; 
head  short ;  eyes  large  ;  mouth  resembling  a  par- 
rot's beak.  In  sea.  This  is  the  animal  called 
the polypusby  the.  ancients  ;  but  that  name  Is  very 
differently  applied  by  modern  naturalists. 

CLIO,  body  oblong,  nayant,  generally  sheathed, 
and  furnished  with  2  dilated  membranaceous 
arms  or  wing-like  processes  ;  tentaculae  3,  besides 
2  in  the  mouth.  In  sea. 


112  CLASS  IX.       ORDER  X» 

DORIS,  (sea-lemon,)  body  creeping,  oblong,  and 
flat  beneath  ;  mouth  placed  below  on  the  fore- 
part ;  vent  behind  on  the  back,  surrounded  by  a 
fringe ;  feelers  2  to  4,  seated  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  body  in  front  and  retractile  within  their  proper 
receptacle. 

TRITON,  (water  salamander,)  body  oblong  ; 
mouth  with  an  involute  spiral  proboscis  ;  tentacu- 
las  or  arms  twelve,  six  on  each  side,  divided  near- 
ly to  the  base,  the  hind  ones  cheliferous. 

TETHYS,  body  detatched,  rather  oblong,  fleshy, 
without  peduncles  ;  mouth  with  a  terminal  cylind- 
ric  proboscis  under  an  expanded  membrane  or  lip  : 
apertures  two  on  the  left  side  of  the  neck.  In  sea. 

LAPLISIA,  (sea-hare,)  body  creeping,  covered 
with  reflected  membranes,  with  a  membranaceous 
shield  on  the  back,  covering  the  lungs  ;  aperture 
placed  on  the  right  side  ;  vent  above  the  extremi- 
ty of  the  back  ;  feelers  four,  resembling  ears.  In 
sea. 

ScYLLAEA,body  compressed  and  grooved  along 
the  back  ;  mouth  consisting  of  a  terminal,  toothless 
aperture  ;  tentacula  or  arms  three  each  side,  and 
placed  beneath.  In  sea. 

LIMAX,  (slug,  smooth  snail,)  body  oblong,  creep- 
ing, with  a  fleshy  kind  of  shield  above,  and  a  lon- 
gitudinal flat  dish  beneath  ;  aperture  placed  on 
the  right  side  within  the  shield  ;  feelers  four,  si- 
tuated above  the  mouth,  with  an  eye  at  the  tip  of 
each  of  the  larger  ones.  In  water,  moist  places, 
and  on  common  soil. 

SALPA,body  loose,  nayant,  gelatinous,  tubular, 
and  open  at  each  extremity  5  intestine  placed  ob- 
liquely. In  sea, 


CLASS  IX.      ORDER  IK. 

ASCIDA,  body  fixed,  roundish  and  aparently  is- 
suing from  a  sheath.  In  sea. 

DAGYSA,  body  loose,  nayant,  angular,  tubular 
and  open  at  each  extremity.  In  sea. 

PTERQTKACHEA,  body  detached,  gelatinous, 
with  a  moveable  fin  at  the  abdomen  or  tail ;  eyes 
two,  placed  within  the  head..  In  sea. 

DERRIS,  body  cylindric,  composed  of  articula- 
tions ;  mouth  terminal  ;  feelers  two.  In  sea. 

ONCHIDIUM,  body  oblong,  creeping,  flat  beneath ; 
mouth  placed  before  ;  feelers  two,  situate  above 
the  mouth  ;  armes  two,  at  the  sides  of  the  head  ; 
vent  behind,  and  placed  beneath.  On  leaves. 

LOB  ARIA,  body  above  convex,  beneath  flat,  la*- 
bate.  In  sea. 

ORDER  2.     MULTIVALVA. 

Soft  animals,  having  shells  with  more  than  two 
valves. 

CHITON,  (monoloba,)  animals  inhabiting  the 
shell,  adoris  ;  shell  consisting  of  several  segments 
or  transverse  incumbent  valves,  disposed  in  a  lon- 
gitudinal series  down  the  back. 

LEPAS,  (acorn-shell,  barnacle,)  animal  a  tri- 
tcn  ;  shell  affixed  at  the  base  and  consisting  of 
many  unequal  erect  valves*  Formerly  called  the 
barnacle  goose-egg, 

PHOLAS,  (piddock,)  animal  an  ascidia  ;  prin- 
cipal shell  bivalve  divaricate,  with  several  lesser 
differently  shaped  accessary  ones  at  the  hinge  j 
hinges  recurved,  united  by  a  cartilage  ;  in  the  itt^ 
side  beneath  the  hinge  is  an  incurved  tooth. 


114  CLASS    IX.      ORDER    IH, 

ORDER  3.     BIVALVA. 

Soft  animals,  having  shells  with  two  valves. 

MYA,  (pearl-muscle,  gaper,)  animal  an  ascidiaf 
shell  bivalve,  generally  gaping  at  one  end  ;  hinge 
with  broad  thick  strong  teeth,  seldom  more  than 
one,  and  not  inserted  into  the  opposite  valve. 

SOLEN,  (razor- sheath,)  animal  an  ascidia;  shell 
bivalve,  oblong,  open  at  both  ends  ;  hinge  with  a 
subulate  reflected  tooth,  often  double,  and  not  in- 
serted in  the  opposite  valve* 

TELLINA,  animal  a  tethys  ;  shell  bivalve,  gen- 
erally sloping  on  one  side  ;  in  the  forepart  of  one 
Valve  a  convex,  of  the  other  a  concave,  fold ;  hinge 
usually  three  teeth,  the  lateral  ones  smooth  in  one 
shell. 

CARDIUM,  (cockle,)  animal  a  tethys  ;  shell  bi- 
valve, nearly  equilateral,  equivalve,  generally 
convex  ;  longitudinally  ribbed,  striate  or  grooved, 
with  a  toothed  margin  ;  hinge  with  two  alternate 
teeth  near  the  beak  in  the  middle,  and  a  larger  re- 
mote lateral  one  each  side,  each  locking  into  the 
opposite. 

MACTRA,  animal  a  tethys  ;  shell  bivalve,  une- 
qual sided,  equivalve  ;  middle  tooth  of  the  hinge 
complicated,  with  a  small  hollow  each  side,  late- 
ral ones  remote  and  inserted  into  each  other. 

DON  AX,  animal  a  tethys;  shell  bivalve,  with 
generally  a  crenulate  margin,  the  frontal  or  ante- 
rior margin  very  obtuse ;  hinge  with  two  teeth, 
and  a  single  marginal  one  placed  a  little  behind^ 
which  is  rarely  double,  triple  or  none. 

VENUS,  (common  clam,)  animal  a  tethys ;  shell 
bivalve,  the  frontal  mapgitt  flattened  with  incura- 


CLASS  IX.       ORDER  III.  115 

bent  lips  ;  hinge  with  three  teeth,  all  of  them  ap- 
proximate, the  lateral  ones  divergent  at  the  tip. 

SPONDYLUS,  (thorney  oyster,)  animal  a  tethys  ; 
shell  hard,  solid,  with  unequal  valves  ;  one  con- 
vex, the  other  rather  flat  ;  hinge  with  two  recurv- 
ed teeth  separated  by  a  small  hollow. 

CHAMA,  (basin  conk,)  animal  a  tethys  ;  shell 
bivalve,  rather  coarse  ;  hinge  with  a  callose  gib- 
bosity, obliquely  inserted-  in  an  oblique  hollow  £ 
anterior  slope  closed. 

ARCA,  (noah's  ark,)  animal  a  tethys  ?  shell  bi- 
valve, equivalve  ;  hinge  with  numerous  sharp 
teeth  alternately  inserted  between  each  other. 

OSTRBA,  (oyster,  scallop,)  animal,  a  tefchys  ; 
shell  bivalve,  generally  with  unequal  valves  and 
slightly  eared  ;  hinge  without  teeth,  but  furnished 
with  an  ovate  hollow,  and  mostly  lateral,  trans- 
verse groove. 

ANOMIA,  (thin-shell,)  animal  emarginate,  cili- 
ate,  strap-form,  with  bristles  or  fringe  affixed  to 
upper  valve  ;  shell  bivalve,  one  valve  flatish,  the 
other  gibbose  at  the  base,  with  a  produced  beak 
generally  curved  over  the  hinge  ;  hinge  without 
teeth,  but  a  lateral  tooth  within,  on  the  margin  of 
the  flat  valve  ;  two  bony  rays  for  the  base  of  the 
animal. 

MYTILUS,  (mother  pearl,  muscle.)  animal  al- 
lied to  an  ascidia  ;  shell  bivalve,  rough,  generally 
affixed  by  a  byssus  or  beard,  of  silky  filaments  ; 
hinge  mostly  without  teeth,  with  sometimes  a  su- 
bulate excavated  longitudinal  line. 

PINNA,  (wing-clam,)  animal  a  limax  ;  shell 
sub-bivalve,  fragile,  upright,  gaping  at  one  end, 
and  furnished  with  a  bissus  ot  beard ;  hinge  with- 


116  CLASS  IX.      ORDER  IV. 

out  teeth,  the  valves  united  into    one. 
yielding  byssus  of  which  silk  is  sometimes  made, 

ORDER  4,     UNIVALVA. 

Soft  animals,  having  shells  with  single  valves. 

ARGONAUTA,  (paper  nautilus,)  animal  a  sepia 
or  clio  ;  shell  univalve,  spiral,  involute,  membra- 
naceous,  one-celled. 

NAUTILUS,  (pearl  nautilus,)  animal  sepia ; 
shell  univalve,  divided  into  several  departments 
communicating  with  each  other  by  an  aperture  or 
siphunculus. 

CONUS,  (cone,)  animal  limax  ;  shell  univalve, 
convolute,  turbinate  ;  aperture  effuse,  longitudi- 
nal, linear,  without  teeth,  entire  at  the  base ;  pil- 
lar smooth. 

GYPRAEA,  (gourie,  sea-porcelain,)  animal  a  li- 
max ;  shell  univalve,  involute,  subovate,  smooth, 
obtuse  at  each  end  ;  aperture  effuse  at  each  end, 
linear,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  shell, 
and  toothed  each  side. 

BULLA,  (dipper-shell,)  animal  a  limax;  shell 
univalve,  convolute,  unarmed  with  teeth  ;  aper- 
ture a  little  straitened,  oblong,  longitudinal,  very 
entire  at  the  base;  pillar-lip  oblique,  smooth. 

VOLUTA,  (mitre,  volute,)  animal  limax  ;  shell 
one-celled  spiral;  aperture  without  a  beak,  and 
somewhat  effuse  ;  pillar  twisted  or  plaited,  gene- 
rally without  lips  or  perforations. 

BUCCINUM,  (whelk,  helmet-shell,)  animal  li- 
max  ;  shell  univalve,  spiral,  gibbose  ;  aperture 
ovate,  terminating  in  a  short  canal  leanin  i  to  the 
right,  with  a  retuse  beak  or  projection ; 
expanded, , 


CLASS    IX.       ORDER    IV.  117 

STROMBUS,  (dinner-horn,)  aniraal  a  limax ; 
shell  univalve,  spiral ;  the  lip  of  the  aperture  often 
much  dilated  ;  expanding,  and  produced  into  a 
groove  leaning  to  the  left. 

MUREX,  (thorn-shell,)  animal  limax  ;  shell  ine- 
quivalve,  spiral,  rough,  with  membranaceous  su- 
tures ;  aperture  oval,  ending  in  an  entire,  straight 
or  slightly  ascending  ('anal. 

TROCHUS,  (top-shell,)  animal  limax :  shell  uni* 
valve,  spiral,  more  or  less  conic  ;  aperture  some- 
what angular  or  rounded,  the  upper  side  trans- 
verse and  contracted  ;  pillar  placed  obliquely. 

TURBO,  (periwinkle,  stair-case,)  animal  limax ; 
shell  univalve,  spiral,  solid  ;  aperture  contracted, 
orbicular,  entire. 

HELIX,  (snail,)  animal  iimax  ;  shell  univalve, 
spiral,  subdiaphanous,  brittle  ;  aperture  contract- 
ed, semilunar  or  roundish.  In  dry  and  wet  soil 
and  water. 

NERITA,  (sea-snail,)  animal  limax  ;  shell  uni- 
valve, spiral,  gibbose,  flattish  at  bottom  ;  aperture 
semiorbicular  or  semilunar  ;  pillar-lip  transverse* 
ly  truncate,  flatish. 

HALYOTIS,  (sea-ear,)  animal  limax  ;  shell  uni- 
valve, dilated  ?  ear-form,  with  a  longitudinal  row 
of  orifices  along  the  surface  ;  spire  lateral  and 
nearly  concealed. 

PATELLA,  (limpet,)  animal  limax;  shell  uni- 
valve, subconic,  shaped  like  a  basin  ;  without 
spire. 

TEREDO,  (ship-worm,)  animal  aterebella,  with 
two  calcareous  hemispherical  valves  cut  off  before, 
and  two  lanceolate  ones  ;  shell  tapering,  flexuose 
ami  capable  of  penetrating  wood. 


118 


CLASS  X.     ECHINODERMA. 

Remarks.  The  organic  structure  of  the  ani- 
mals of  this  class  is  more  complicated  than  that  of 
any  other  class  of  this  division.  They  have  an 
organized  covering,  often  sustained  upon  some- 
thing resembling  a  skeleton,  which  supports  sharp 
processes  or  spines  sometimes  moveable.  They 
have  an  imperfect  vascular  system,  and  their  res- 
piratory organs  are  often  very  distinct.  Some 
species  have  fibres,  which  seem  to  supply  the  of- 
fice of  nerves. 

ORDER  1.    PEDICELLATA. 

Having  stem-like  moveable  processes  which  per* 
/orm  the  office  of  feet. 

ASTERIAS,  (sea-star,)  body  depressed,  covered 
with  a  coriaceous  crust,  muricate  with  tentacula^. 
and  grooved  beneath ;  mouth  central,  five-rayed* 
In  sea. 

E^CRINUS,  (stone-lily.)  a  stein  divided  into  nu- 
merous articulations  ;  its  branches  are  like  the 
stem,  and  subdivided  dichetomously.  Its  fossil 
remains  have  been  called  entrochites,  which  are 
pieces  of  the  stems  and  branches  of  this  genus. 

ECHINUS,  (sea-urchin,  sea-hedghog,)  body 
roundish,  covered  wdth  a  bony  sutured  crust,  and 
generally  furnished  with  moveable  spines ;  mouth 
placed  beneath,  and  mostly  five-valved.  In  sea. 

HOLOTHURIA,  body  detached,  cyliridric,  thick^ 
naked,  and  open  at  the  extremity  ;  mouth  sur- 
rounded by  fleshy  branches,  tentacula  or  feelers. 
In  sea. 


CLASS  X.       ORDER  II. 


ORDER  2.     APOD  A. 

Having  no  organs  for  locomotion. 

SIPUNCULUS,  (tube-worm,)  body  round, 
gated  ;  inouth  cylindric  at  the  end,  and  narrower 
than  the  body  ;  aperture  at  the  side  of  the  body 
veruciform.  In  the  sea  under  stories, 


120 


CLASS  XL     INTESTINA. 

Remarks.  This  class  does  not  include  those 
animals  which  enter  the  bodies  of  other  animals 
in  maturity  It  includes  those  only  whi^h  reside 
and  propagate  in  the  alimentary  canals,  glands, 
cellular  membranes  and  parenchymous  coverings 
of  other  animals.  As  they  have  no  respiratory 
organs,  it  is  evident  that  the  influence  of  oxygen, 
necessary  to  animal  life,  is,  in  some  unexplained 
manner,  transmitted  to  them  through  the  animals 
which  they  inhabit.  Their  deficiency  in  respira- 
tory organs  and  in  nerves,  induce  many  natural- 
ists to  consider  them  as  morbid  excrescences,  not 
entitled  to  the  rank  of  animals. 

ORDER  1.     CAV1TORIA. 

Having  internal  cavities  Jbr  the  reception  of  food] 
and  mouths. 

FILARIA,  (negro-eater,)  body  round,  filiform, 
equal  and  quite  smooth  ;  mouth  dilated  with  a 
roundish  concave  lip.  In  negro's  feet. 

TRICHOOEPHALUS,  (hair-head,)  body  round, 
elastic,  arid  variously  twisted  ;  head  or  forepart 
much  thicker  and  furnished  with  a  slender  exser- 
tile  proboscis  ;  tail  or  lower  part  long,  capillary, 
and  tapering  to  a  point.  In  men,  horses,  £c. 

CUCULLANUS,  (hooded  worm,)  body  sharp, 
pointed  behind,  and  obtuse  before  ;  mouth  orbi- 
cular with  a  straight  hood.  In  moles,  buzzards, 
frogs,  fish. 

ASCARIS,  (spindle-worm,)  body  round,  elastic, 
and  tapering  towards  each  extremity  ;  head  with 


CLASS  XI.      ORDE&  II.  121 

three  vesicles  ;  tail  obtuse  or  subulate  ;  intestines 
spiral,  milk-white  and  pellucid.  In  man,  beast, 
fish,  birds. 

STRONGYLUS,  (horse  glass  worm,)  body  round; 
long,  pellucid,  glabrous  ;  the  fore  part  globular, 
truncate,  with  a  circular  aperture,  fringed  at  the 
margin  ;  the  hind  part  of  the  female  entire  and 
pointed  ;  in  the  male  dilated  into  loose,  distant, 
pellucid  membranes.  In  horses  and  sheep. 

LEUNAEA,  (fish-eater,)  body  oblong,  somewhat 
cylindrical,  naked  ;  tentacula  or  armes  two  or 
three  each  side  and  round,  by  which  it  affixes  it- 
self ;  ovaries  two,  projecting  like  tails  from  the 
lower  extremity.  In  mouths,  gills  and  fins  of  fish, 

ORDER  2.     PARENCHYMATA. 

Having  no  particular  cavities  for  the  reception 
of  food  and  no  mouths,  but  imbibe  their  food  by 
pores,  which  seem  to  mix  immediately  with  the 
general  parenchymous  mass,  constituting  their 
bodies. 

ECHYNORYNCHUS,  body  round  :  proboscis  cy 
lindric-retractile,     and    crowned     with    hooked 
prickles.     In  hogs,  birds,  reptiles  and  fishes. 

FACIOLA,  (groupd  worm,  fluke,)  body  flatish, 
with  an  aperture  of  pore  at  the  head,  and  general* 
ly  another  at  a  distance  beneath,  seldom  a  single 
one.  In  man  and  all  animals. 

CARYOPHYLLJEUS>  (pink  fish-eater,) body  round; 
mouth  dilated  and  fringed.  In  fresh  water  fish. 

PLANARIA,  (eyed- worm,)  body  gelatinous, 
flatish,  with  a  double  ventral  pore  ;  mouth  termi- 
nal. In  rivers  and  stagnant  waters.  It  is  divid- 
ed into  the  no-eyed,  the  one-eyed,  the  two-eyed, 
the  three-eyed,  the  four-eyed,  and  the  many-eyed. 

*  \ 


122  CLASS  XI.       ORDER  II, 

TJENIA,  (tape-worm,)  body  flat  and  composed 
of  numerous  articulations  ;  head  with  four  orifices 
for  suction,  a  little  below  the  mouth  ;  mouth  ter- 
minal, continued  by  a  short  tube  into  two  ventral 
canals,  and  generally  crowned  with  a  double  se- 
ries of  retractile  hooks  or  holders.  In  man  and 
most  mammalia,  birds,  reptiles  and  fish. 

FURIA,  (cattle- pest,)  body  linear,  equal,  fili- 
form and  ciliate  each  side  with  a  single  row  of  re- 
flected prickles  pressed  close  to  the  body.  In 
the  skin  of  man  and  horse  in  Finland. 

SCOLEX,  body  gelatinous,  variously  shaped,, 
broadish  on  the  forepart,  and  pointed  behind  ; 
sometimes  linear  and  long,  sometimes  wrinkled 
and  short,  round,  flexuose  or  depressed  ;  head 
protrusile  and  retractile.  In  fish. 

LIGULA,  body  linear,  equal,  long  ;  the  fore 
part  obtuse,  the  hind  part  acute,  with  an  impress- 
ed dorsal  suture.  In  merganser  and  fish. 


123 


CLASS   XII.    ACALEPHA. 

Remarks.  These  animals  are  often  called  sea- 
nettles  ;  because  it  is  said  that  a  stinging  sensa- 
tion is  often  excited  while  handling  them.  They 
are  the  largest  of  the  zoophytes.  If  there  is  such 
an  animal  as  that  described  by  seamen,  under  the 
name  of  kraken,  it  probably  belongs  to  this  class  ; 
though  some  suppose  it  may  be  a  species  of  the 
sepia,  of  the  class  Mollusca,  order  Nudata,  The 
bodies  of  animals  of  this  class  are  soft,  fleshy  or 
gelatinous.  In  some  we  perceive  something  of  a 
fibrous  structure  ;  others  appear  to  be  mere  gela- 
tinous masses. 

ORDER  i.    AFF1XA. 

Having  the  habit  and  power  of  attaching  them- 
selves by  their  bases  to  resting  places. 

ACTINIA,  (sea-anemone,  sea-dasie,)  body  ob- 
long, cylindrical,  fleshy,  contractile,  fixed  by  the 
base  ;    mouth    terminal,    expansile,    surrounded 
with  numerous  cirri,  and  without  any  other  aper 
ture.     In  sea. 

LUCERNARIA,  body  gelatinous,  wrinkled,  branch- 
ed ;  mouth  placed  beneath. 

ORDER  2.     LIBERATA. 

Never  fixing  themselves  to  a  resting  place,  but 
floating  or  swimming  upon  water,  by  the  specific 
levity  of  particular  parts,  or  by  air-bubbles  contain- 
ed in  them. 


124  CLASS  XII.      ORDER  II. 

MEDUSA,  (sea -nettle,  sea-blubber,)  body  gela- 
tinous, orbicular,  and  generally  flat  underneath  : 
mouth  central,  beneath.  In  sea. 

PHYSSOPHORA,  body  gelatinous,  pendant  from 
an  aerial  vesicle,  with  gelatinous  sessile  members 
at  the  sides,  and  numerous  tentacula  beneath, 
In  sea, 


125 


CLASS  XIII.     POLYPI. 

Remarks.  Animals  of  this  class  are  called  po- 
lypi, because  the  tentacula  which  surround  their 
mouths,  resemble,  in  some  degree,  those  of  the  se- 
pia, which  the  ancients  called  polypus.  They  are 
always  cylindric,  terete  or  conic  ;  but  the  number 
and  form  of  their  tentacula  are  very  variable. — 
There  is  a  cavity  in  all  to  receive  food  ;  but  it  is 
often  a  mere  simple  cavity  or  caliber.  All  ani- 
mals of  this  class  are  capable  of  becoming  com- 
pound ;  and  by  cutting  them  in  a  direction  to  se- 
parate an  individual,  the  cutting  will  live,  like  an 
inocculated  bud.  But  their  species  are  reproduced 
fey  eggs. 

ORDER  I.    NUDATA. 

Having  no  hard  covering,  and  not  producing  a 
woody,  horny  or  fleshy  axis  by  combination. 

HYDRA,  (sprouting  polypus,)  animal  fixing  it- 
self by  the  base,  linear,  gelatinous,  naked,  con- 
tractile and  furnished  with  setaceous  tentacula  or 
feelers  ;  inhabiting  fresh  waters,  and  producing 
its  deciduous  offspring,  buds  or  eggs,  from  the 
sides. 

PEDICELLARIA,  (stiff-stem,)  body  soft  and  seat- 
ed on  a  rigid  fixed  peduncle ;  aperture  single.  lu 
sea. 

ORDER  2.     POLYPETRA. 

Having  stony  cases,  made  chiefly  of  carbonate  of 
lime.  This  order  embraces  all  the  animals  inhab- 
iting coral  rocks. 


126  GLASS    XIII.       O^DER    II. 

Sec.  A.  Inhabiting  tubes,  like  the  pith  of  a  vege- 
table caulis  ;  open  at  the  summit  or  side. 

TUBJPORA,  (pipe-coral,)  coral  consisting  of  erect 
iiollow  cylindric  parallel  aggregate  tubes. 

TUBULARIA,  (coral-tube,)  stem  tubular,  simple 
or  branched,  fixed  by  the  base  j  animal  projecting 
from  the  end  of  the  tube,  and  having  its  head 
crested  with  tentacula. 

SERTULARIA,  (sea-moss,  coral-grass,)  animal 
growing  in  the  form  of  a  plant  ;  stem  branched, 
producing  polypes  from  cup  form  denticles  or  mi- 
nute cells. 

Sec.  B.  Each  polypus  occupies  a  cell.,  separated 
from  the  cells  of  other  polypi  by  their  partitions  ; 
and  they  communicate  with  each  other  by  very 
minute  pores. 

CELLULARIA,  (outer-celled  coral,)  cells  dispos- 
ed in  a  manner  to  form  branching  stems,  but  with- 
out a  communicating  tube  along  the  axis  5  calca- 
reous. 

FLUSTRA,  (sea-mat,  horn- wrack,)  animal  a  po- 
lypus proceeding  from  porous  cells  ;  stem  fixed; 
foliaceous,  membranaceous,  consisting  of  numer- 
ous ro\vs  of  cells,  united  together  and  woven  like 
a  mat. 

CEJLLEPORA,  (inner-celled  coral,)  presents  a 
mass  of  little  cells,  or  calcareous  vesicules,  dis- 
tributed opposite  to  each  other,  pierced  with  a 
small  hole. 

CORALLINA,  (coralline,)  animal  growing  in  the 
form  of  a  plant ;  stem  fixed,  with  calcareous  sub- 
divided branches,  mostly  jointed, 


CLASS   XIII.      ORDER    II,  127 

Sec.  C.  The  polypi  are  united  in  the  form  of  a 
dense  bark,  around  an  axis,  variable  in  form 
and  in  texture. 

ANTIPATHOS,  (sea-fan,)  animal  growing  in  the 
form  of  a  plant ;  stem  expanded  at  the  base,  in- 
ternally horny  and  beset  with  small  spines,  ex- 
ternally covered  with  a  gelatinous  flesh,  beset 
with  numerous  polypi  bearing  tubercles. 

GORGONIA,  (gorgon,)  animals  growing  in  the 
form  of  a  plant  ;  stem  coriaceous,  corky,  woody, 
horny  or  bony,  composed  of  glassy  fibres,  or  like 
stone,  striate,  tapering,  dilated  at  the  base,  cov- 
ered with  a  vascular  or  cellular  flesh,  or  bark, 
and  becoming  spongy  and  friable  when  dry  ; 
mouths  or  florets  covering  the  surface  of  the  stem; 
and  poly  pi- bearing. 

Isis,  (bush-coral,)  animal  growing  much  in  the 
form  of  a  plant  ;  stem  stony,  jointed,  the  joints 
longitudinally  striate,  united  by  spongy  or  horny 
junctures,  and  covered  by  a  soft  porous  cellular 
flesh,  or  bark  ;  mouths  beset  with  oviparous  po- 
lypes. 

Sec.  D.  Having  the  stony  or  coriaceous  covering 
branched,  rounded,  or  in  plates  ;  always  fur- 
nished with  stellated  laminae.  In  the  living 
state,  the  stony  part  is  entirely  covered  with  a 
living  membrane,  which  is  soft  and  gelatinous ^ 
bristled  with  tentacula,  which  are  the  polypi. 

MADREPORA,  (star-coral,madrepore,)  animal  re- 
sembling a  medusa  ;  coral  with  lamellate  star- 
form  cavities. 

PENNATULA,  (sea-feather,  sea-pen,)  animal  not 
affixed;  of  various  shapes,  supported  by  a  bony 


128  GLASS    XIII.       ORDER    11, 

part  within,  naked  at  the  base,  the  upper  part 
with  generally  lateral  ramifications  furnished  with 
rows  of  tubular  denticles,  producing  radiated  po- 
lypes from  each  tube. 

ALCYONIUM,  (mushroom-coral,)  animal  general- 
ly growing  in  the  form  of  a  plant,  stem  fixed, 
fleshy,  gelatinous,  spongy  or  coriaceous,  beset 
with  polypi  bearing  stellate  cells. 

SPONGIA,  (sponge,)  animal  fixed,  flexile,  torpid^ 
of  various  forms,  composed  either  of  reticulate 
fibres,  or  masses  of  small  spines,  interwoven  to- 
gether, and  clothed  with  a  gelatinous  flesh,  full  of 
small  mouths  on  its  surface.,  by  which  it  absorbs 
and  rejects  water, 


129 


CLASS  XIV.     INFUSORIA. 

Remarks.  Cuvier  says,  it  is  customary  to  placey 
at  the  end  of  the  animal  kingdom,  those  minute  be- 
ings, which  escape  the  natural  eye,  and  which 
were  never  distinguished,  until  after  the  micros- 
cope  had  developed  a  kind  of  new  world.  They 
generally  present  gelatinous  bodies  extremely  sim- 
ple. These  may  be  arranged  together  with  pro- 
priety. But  many  animals  are  placed  here,  mere- 
ly on  account  of  their  minuteness.  Those  of  this 
description  will  probably  be  removed  from  this 
class,  after  farther  investigation. 

Infusory  animals  are  best  examined  under  the 
solar  microscope.  To  prepare  them  ;  steep  iu 
cold  rain  water  almost  any  vegetable,  for  several 
hours  ;  then  expose  this  infusion  for  a  day  or  two 
to  the  sun's  rays,  in  a  situation  to  bring  the  tem- 
perature to  that  of  common  river  water  in  the  sum- 
mer months.  If  a  drop  of  this  is  put  upon  a  piece 
of  glass,  or  between  two  pieces,  placed  in  the  fo- 
cus behind  the  lens  of  a  solar  microscope,  the 
animalcula  wrill  soon  appear  on  the  screen. 

ORDER  1.     ROTIFERA. 

Bodies  oval,  gelatinous  ;  having  mouths,  stom- 
achs and  intestines  ;  often  having  a  kind  of  tail, 
and  two  prominences  upon  the  neck  appear  to 
bear  eyes,  and  organs  are  seen  ichich  appear  to  be 
concerned  in  respiration. 

VORTICELLA,  (whirler,)  body  contractile,  nak- 
ed, and  furnished  with  ciliate,  rotatory  organs,  In 
nil  waters, 


130  CLASS  X1T.      ORDER  II. 

BRANCHIOXUS,  (shelled  jellies,)  body  contrac- 
tile, covered  with  a  shell,  'and  furnished  at  the 
head  with  ciliate  rotatory  organs.  In  stagnant 
waters. 

ORDER  2.    HOMOGENIA. 

Bodies  of  various  forms,  having  neither  mouth? 
stomach,  nor  any  other  viscera.  Some  have  ap- 
pendages resembling  cilia,  some  appear  like  mere 
points,  some  are  globular  and  more  rapidly  with- 
out any  apparent  organs  of  motion,  some  change 
their  forms  every  moment. 

TRICHODA,  (hair-head,)  worm  invisible,  pel" 
lucid,  hairy,  or  horned.  In  all  waters. 

CERCARIA,  (green  scum,)  worm  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  pellucid  and  furnished  with  a  tail. 
These  insects  constitute  the  green  pellicle  on  stag- 
nant waters. 

LEUCOPHIA,  worm  invisible  to  the  naked  eye> 
every  where  ciliate.  In  clear  marshy  water. 

VIBRIO,  worms  invisible  to  the  naked  eye,  very 
simple,  round,  elongated.  In  common  water  and 
in  vegetable  infusions. 

GONIUM,  worm  very  simple,  flat,  angular,  invisi- 
ble to  the  naked  eye.  In  pure  and  stagnant  wa- 
ters. 

COLPODA,  (flat-jellies,)  worm  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  very  simple,  pellucid,  flat,  sinuate.  In 
pure  water,  and  infusions. 

PARAMECIUM,  (oblong  jellies,)  worm  invisible 
to  the  naked  eye,  simple,  pellucid,  flattened,  ob- 
long. In  salt  and  fresh  water  and  among  weeds. 

CYCLTDIUM,  (oval  jellies,)  worm  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  very  simple,  pellucid^  flat,  orbiculac 


CLASS  XIV.      ORDER  II.  131 

or  oval*  Iii  infusions  of  hay  and  of  some  other 
vegetables. 

BURSARIA,  worm  very  simple,  membranaceous, 
hollow.  In  marshes. 

ENCHELIS,  worm  invisible  to  the  naked  eye, 
very  simple,  cylindrical.  In  water  long  kept. 

BACILLARIA,  (straw-thread,)  body  consisting  of 
cylindrical  straw  like  filaments,  placed  parallel  to 
each  other,  and  frequently  changing  their  position. 
In  the  ulva  latissima. 

MONAS,  (jelly-points,)  worms  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  most  simple,  pellucid,  resembling  a 
point.  Smallest  of  all  animalculse  yet  discovered. 
In  sea-water  long  kept,  in  fetid  infusions  of  pears, 
in  most  animal  and  vegetable  infusions,  and  ia 
clear  pure  water. 

VOLVOX,  (globe  jellies,)  worm  invisible  to  the 
naked  eye,  simple,  pellucid,  spherical.  In  com- 
mon water  and  in  vegetable  infusions. 


ZOOLOGICAL  SPECIES 

PLACED  UNDER  AN  ALPHABETICAL  ARRANGE- 
MENT OF  THE  GENERIC  NAMES. 


Directions.  After  having  found  the  generic  name  of 
an  animal  in  the  foregoing  system  of  genera,  find  the 
same  name  here  by  seeking  its  alphabetical  place.  Tho 
numbers  of  the  class  arid  order  stand  at  the  left  of  the 
name,  and  the  number  of  species  contained  in  the  genus 
at  the  right.  The  description  of  one  species  will  be  found 
under  each  genus,  and  in  some  cases,  a  considerable 
number. 

If  the  specimen  under  examination  is  not  described 
(and  not  one  twentieth  of  all  known  species  are  described 
in  this  text-book)  find  the  same  genus  in  Rees*  Cyclo- 
paedia, Turtori's  Lirineus,  Shaw's  Zoology,  or  in  what- 
ever system  comes  first  to  hand.  There  look  out  the 
species.  Write  the  name,  and  copy  the  specific  charac- 
ter into  the  blank  leaves,  which  should  be  bound  up  with 
this  text-book  at  the  end.  Having  paged  the  blank 
leaves,  make  a  reference  to  the  page  wherein  the  spe- 
cies is  copied,  immediately  under  the  printed  descrip- 
tion of  the  last  species.  By  this  method  the  student  will 
have  a  description  of  his  collection,  arranged  in  a  man- 
ner to  be  as  accessible  as  if  it  were  all  in  print. 

By  pursuing  this  course  a  few  seasons,  each  student 
will  be  able  to  contribute  considerably  towards  a  system 
of  American  Zoology.  At  present  but  a  small  propor- 
tion of  American  animals,  excepting  those  of  a  large 
size,  have  been  sought  out.  Insects,  in  particular,  are 
but  little  known.  And  though  Mr.  Say  is  doing  much ; 

12 


134  ZOOLOGICAL    SPECIES. 

without  assistance,  his  life  must  be  protracted  to  a  very 
advanced  period  to  afford  him  time  to  complete  the  work. 
But  if  every  student  will  contribute  his  mite,  by  sending 
Mr.  Say  duplicates  of  all  undiscribed  species,  we  shall 
probably  be  in  possession  of  a  system,  very  nearly  com- 
plete, in  a  few  years. 

In  writing  descriptions,  be  particular  to  set  down  the 
day  of  the  month  when  collected,  in  what  particular 
situation  found,  and  every  thing  known  of  the  habits 
and  instincts.  Such  as  under  stones,  under  bark  of 
trees,  in  stagnant  water,  in  running  water,  under  the 
skin  of  animals,  making  a  vertical  web,  digging  holes  in 
the  earth,  catching  insects,  &c.  &c. 

Though  but  few  species  are  described  in  this  book, 
they  will  be  found  sufficient  for  a  course  of  exercises. 
All  the  known  species  in  some  genera,  such  as  Jlranea, 
&c.  which  are  always  accessible  in  every  season  of  the 
year,  and  all  the  varieties  of  some  species,  .such  as  cams 
familiaris.  are  described,  for  the  purpose  of  exercising 
students  in  the  various  kinds  of  analysis. 

The  following  exercise  is  proposed  for  all  students  in 
Zoology,  until  a  system  of  American  Zoology  shall  be  pub- 
lished, embracing  all  the  species. 

After  finding  the  generic  name,  and  searching  for  the 
specific  name  without  success,  for  want  of  a  system  con* 
taining  a  description ;  give  the  specimen  a  specific  name, 
derived  from  Latin  or  Greek,  expressive  of  its  most 
striking  peculiarity.  To  this  name  annex  a  full  descrip- 
tion ;  leaving  out  all  that  is  contained  in  the  generic  de- 
scription. This  name  is  to  be  changed  to  that  which  has 
£een  given  by  other  naturalists,  whenever  it  is  ascer- 
tained. 


ACANTHUS,    ACARUS.  135 

By  this  exercise  the  student  will  acquire  the  habit  of 
accurate  investigation,  and  will  become  as  well  acquaint- 
ed with  the  science,  as  if  he  set  down  the  right  name  at 
first.  If  we  know  a  man  by  a  wrong  name  for  some 
time  ;  the  memory  is  not  at  all  embarrassed  with  the 
\vrong  name,  after  we  are  enabled  to  substitute  the  right 
one.  Much  pleasure  arid  profit  will  be  derived  from  a 
comparison  of  our  own  descriptions  with  those  we  may 
afterwards  find  in  systematic  works  ;  and  we  learn  the 
application  of  terms  by  this  method  better  than  by  any 
other  in  use. 


A. 


4  —  3.     A^AX^ite.     Spec.  i. 

spinus,  (barley-bird,)  head  black,  neck  and  back 
green,  breast  and  throat  greenish-yellow,  belly 
white,  tail  yellow  beneath.  Small.  Fringilla 
spinus  of  Lin. 

See  MS.  P. 

1  —  2.     ACARUS.     Spec,  about  100. 

americanus,  (tick,)  obovate,  ruddy,  scutella  and 

joints  of  the  legs  white.     A  small  insect  on  cat- 

tle and  horses. 
aphidioides,  (red  mite,)  fore  legs  long  ;  abdomen 

terminating  in  two  horns  ;  colour  red.     Small. 

In  decaying  wood. 
ricinus,   (dog-tick,)   globe-ovate,  livid,  a  round 

brown  spot  at  the  base. 
siro,  (cheese-  mite,  Uvhitish  ;  head  and  thighs  rust- 

colour  ;  abdomen  bristly. 
scabwi)  (itch-mite,)  white  ;  legs  reddish  ;  4  hind 

ones  with  a  long  bristle. 


138  ACARUS,    ACTINA, 

telaris,  (common  mite,)  greenish -yellow,  with  a 
brown  spot  on  each  side  of  the  abdomen.  Small. 
On  hothouse  and  other  sheltered  plants. 

destructor,  (museum-thief,)  ovate ;  tail  with  long 
bristles  ;  feet  with  one  each. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 6.     ACIPENCER.     Spec.  5. 

$}urio,  (sturgeon,)  nose  obtuse,  having  four  cirri 
near  the  tip;  nostrils  near  the  eyes,  eyes  small; 
mouth  beneath,  some  distance  back  of  the  end 
of  the  nose,  its  length  and  breadth  equal  ;  body 
elongated,  pentagonal,  flat  beneath,  covered 
above  with  rows  of  bony  tubercles. 

MlthenuSy  (sterlet,)  nose  strait,  subulate,  lips  en- 
tire, cirri  near  the  mouth.  Nose  four  times  as 
long  as  the  diameter  of  the  mouth. 

stellatus,  (koster,)  nose  spatulate,  somewhat  re- 
curved ;  cirri  near  the  mouth,  lips  entire.    Nose 
six  times  as  long  as  the  transverse  diameter  of 
the  mouth. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 3.     ACROCHORDUS.     Spec.  i. 
javensis,  (warted  or  granulated  snake.)  back  black, 
belly  whitish  with  black  spots  ;  teeth  in  double 
rows. 

See  MS.  P. 

12 — 1.     ACTINA.     Spec.  23. 

bellis,  (sea-daisie,)  body  warty  ;  head  resembling 
the  calyx  of  a  flower  ;  tentacula  retractile,  va- 
riegated. 

calendula,   (sea- marigold,)    stem    subturbinate  : 
disk   surrounded   by  petal-form    tentacula  OK 
rays. 
See  MS.  P. 


ALAUDA,    ALCEDO.  137 

2—2.     ALAUDA.     Spec.  33. 

arvensis,  (sky-lark,)  two  outermost  quills  of  the 
tail  white  lengthwise  externally,  the  intermedi- 
ate ones  ferruginous  on  the  inside.  Males  are 
browner,  with  black  collars,  and  sing. 

pratensis,  (tit-lark,)  colour  above  is  greenish- 
brown  ;  twa  outermost  tail-quills  white  exter- 
nally 5  has  a  white  line  on  the  eye-brows. — 
Slender.  Bill  black. 

eampestris,  (meadow-lark,)  tail-quills  brown, 
lower  half,  except  two  intermediate  quills,  white ; 
throat  and  breast  yellow. 

alpestris,  (shore-lark,)  tail-quills  half-white  on 
the  inside  ;  throat  yellow  ;  black  stripe  under 
the  eyes  and  on  the  breast. 

viibra,  (red-lark,)  neck,  breast  and  lower  parts 
redish  ;  space  about  the  eyes  black  ;  two  out- 
ermost tail- quills  white. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     ALCA.     Spetv  12. 

torda,  (razor-bill  awk,)  four  furrows  on  the  bill ; 
a  white  line  on  each  side  from  the  bill  to  the 

eyes. 
See  MS.  P* 

2—2.     ALCEDO.     Spec.  41. 

cristata>  (crested  king-fisher,)  tail  short;  sky-blue 
above,  redish  beneath  ;  crest  undulated  with 
black.  Bluish  streak  on  the  neck,  beginning 
near  the  eyes.  Five  inches  long. 

ispida,  (common  king-fisher,)  tail  short ;  sky-blue 
above,  yellowish  beneath,  having  reddish  lores, 
Seven  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

*12 


138        ALCYONIUM,  AMPHITRITE. 

13 — 2.     ALCYONIU'M.     Spec.  28. 

gelatinosum,  (sea-purse,)  gelatinous,    yellowish* 

irregular. 
agaricum,  (sea-pen.)  stem  filiform  ;  pileus  reni- 

form. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     AMIA.     Spec.  1. 

cfava,  (bone-head,)  dorsal-fin  commences  between 
the  pectoral  and  ventral  and  extends  to  the  tail 
fin,  on  which  there  is  a  black  spot. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     AMMODYTES.     Spec.  i. 

tdbianus9(*iJLuA  launce,)  silvery  white  with  a  green- 
ish back.     Nine  to  twelve  inches  long, 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     AMPELIS.     Spec.  11. 
cotinga,  (camelion-bird,  woods-hen,)  blue,  beneath 

violet-blue  ;  wings  and  tail  black. 
garrulus,  (chatterer,)  crested  ;  secondary  quill- 
feathers  red -tipped. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 3.     AMPHISBJENA.     Spec.  2. 
alba,  (cross-stripe    snake,)   white  or   yellowish- 
white  ;  head    short ;  eyes    small ;  body-rings 
223,  tail  16. 

fuliginosa,  body-rings  200,  30  on  the  tail ;  colour 
variegated. 
See  MS.  P. 

5 — i.     AMPHITRITE.     Spec.  8. 
auricoma,  (sandy-tube,)  having  a  tube  formed  of 
rounded  grains  of  various  colours. 

See  MS.  P. 


ANABLEPS,    ANAS.  139 

4 — 4.     ANABLEPS.     Spec.  1. 
tetropkthalmus,  (snub-nose,)  nose  truncate  ;  body 
cylindric,  covered  with  strong  scales. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     ANARRHICAS.     Spec.  3. 

lupus,  (sea-wolf,)  brown,  with  dark  coloured 
bands  ;  fins  mostly  whitish. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     ANAS.     Spec.  120. 

cygnus,  (wild  swan,)  bill  semicylindric,  black  ; 
cere  yellow  ;  body  white. 

tadorna,  (sheldrake,)  bill  knobbed  at  the  base, 
front  compressed  ;  head  greenish -black  ;  body 
variegated  with  white. 

.spectabilis,  (grey-head  duck,)  bill  compressed  at 
the  base,  having  a  black  feathery  keel ;  head 
hoary. 

nigra,  (black  diver,)  body  totally  black  ;  bill  gib- 
bose  at  the  base. 

martlet)  (scaup  duck,)  black ;  shoulders  waved- 
cinereous  ;'  belly  and  a  spot  on  the  wings  white, 

anser,  (common  goose,)  bill  semicylindric  ;  body 
cinereous  above,  pale  beneath  ;  neck  striate.  In 
wild  flocks  in  Asia.  By  domestication  it  be- 
comes white,  pied  and  variously  coloured,  and 
too  thick  and  clumsy  for  flying  to  great  distan- 
ces. 

bernicla,  (brent-goose,)  brown;  head,  neck  and 
breast  black  ;  collar  white. 

canadensw,  (wild-goose,)  cinerious  ;  head  and 
neck  black  ;  cheeks  and  chin  white. 

teiicocephala,  (blue-bill  duck,  white-head  duck,) 
bill  broad  ;  tail  feathers  rigid,  pointed,  channel- 
led, middle  ones  longer. 


440  ANAS,    ANGUILLA, 

clypeata,  (shoveller,)  end  of  the  bill  dilated,  round- 
ed, with  an  incurved  nail. 
dangula,  (gold-eye,)  varied  with  black  and  white  ; 

head  tumid^  violet ;  large  white   spot  at  eacl^ 

corner  of  the  mouth. 
tuerspicillata,  vblack   duck,)   black ;    crown  and 

nape  white  ;  bill  with  a  black  spot  behind  the 

nostrils. 
acuta,  (pin-taiL)  tail  pointed,  long,  black  beneath; 

hind-head  each  side  with  a  white  line  ;  back 

cinereous,  waved. 
crecca,  (common   teal,)   wing-spot  green  ;  white 

line  above  and  beneath  the  eyes.     Wing-spot 

varies  to  brown  and  black. 
caroliniensis,  (ainerican  teal,)  waved  with  black 

and  white  ;  head  and  upper  part  of  the  neck 

chesnut ;  throat  spotted  with  black  ;  wing-spot 

green  ;  line  beneath  the  eyes  and  shoulder-arch 

white. 
fuscescens,  (brown  duck,)  brownish  j  head  and 

neck  paler  ;  wings  cinereous,  spot  blue,  tipped 

with  white  ;  tail  dusky. 
Iwschas,  (mallard  duck,  common  duck,)  cinereous  ;. 

middle  tail  feathers  of  the  male  (or  drake,)  re- 

curvate  ;  bill  strait;  collar  white.     Size  and 

colour  varies  by  domestication. 
obscura,  (dusky  duck,)  brown,  edged  with  yellow 

beneath ;  wing-spot  blue,  with  a  transverse  black 

bar;  tail  wedge-form,  dusky, edged  with  white; 
See  MS.  P. 

4—1.     AN  GU  ILL  A.    Spec.  1. 

Vulgaris,  (common  eel,  silver  eel,)  dorsal  and  cau- 
dal fins  united.  Colour  often  greenish  above 
and  of  a  silvery  hue  below  ;  but  its  colour  va- 
ries according  to  its  situation. 

See  MS.  P.  *" 


AXGUIS,    APHIS.  141 

3 — 3.     ANGUIS.     Spec.  24. 

Qentralis,  (slow- worm,) yellowish-green,  speckled 
with  black  above.     Abdominal  scales  127. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 3.     ANOMIA.     Spec.  40. 

squamula,  (scale-shell*,)  small,  orbicular,  entire^ 
thin  like  a  fish-scale.     Adheres  to  other  shells. 

tridentata,  (paper-shell,)  pellucid,  yellowish,  thin, 
with  fine  transverse  striae,  tricuspidate,  with  ta- 
bular points. 

terebratula,  (stone-shell,)  shell  obovate,  smooth, 
convex  ;  one  valve  with  two  plaits,  the  other 
with  three  ;  one  beak  prominent  and  perforate, 
Most  common  of  all  petrifactions. 
See  MS.  P. 

i — 6.     ANOPLOTHEIUUM.     Spec.  2,  extinct. 

commune,  (common  aplothenium,)  fore-feet  con- 
tained a  small  accessory  toe. 

mediun,  (aplotherium,)  hind -feet  with  two  acces- 
sory toes. 
See  MS.  P. 

i — 7.     ANTELOPE.     Spec.  29. 

kucophcea,  (blue  antelope,)  horns  annular,  recurv- 
ed, roundish.     Swift. 
See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     ANTIPATHOS.     Spec.  13. 
flabellum,  (sea-fan,)  flat,  spread  in  an  oval  form, 
Var.   flava.  colour  yellow.      Var.  purpurea, 
colour  purple. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 7.     APHIS.     Spec,  about  80. 

brassices,  (cabbage  louse,)  body  green,  covered 
with  mealy  down  ;  inhabiting  plants  of  the  ge- 


142  APHRODYTA,  ARANEA. 

nus  brassica.     All  the  species  of  aphis,  (called 
plant-lice)  are  named  by  the  genitive  case  of  the 
generic  name  of  the  plant  upon  which  they  are 
found. 
See  MS.  P. 

5  —  2.     APHRODITA.    Spec.  9. 

aculeata,  (prickly  slug,)    prickly,   oval  ;  six  or 
eight  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—9.     APIS.     Spec,  about  180. 

inellijica,  (common  honey-bee,)  dusky  ;  abdomen 
and  escutcheon  of  the  same  colour  ;  a  transverse 
grey  band,  formed  of  down,  from  the  base  of  the 
third  and  following  rings. 

terrestris,  (earth  humble-bee?)  dark  coloured,  with 
the  hindmost  extremity  of  the  corslet,  and  the 
base  of  the  abdomen,  yellow  ;  the  extremity  of 
the  abdomen  white.  Make  their  nests  in  the 
earth. 

lapidaria,  (stone-wall  humble-bee,)  female  black. 
with  the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  reddish, 
wings  colourless  ;  the  male  has  the  foreside  of 
the  head  and  the  extremities  of  the  corslet  yel- 
low. Make  their  nests  in  walls  and  under 
stones. 
See  jtfSf.  P. 


2  —  6.     APTENODYTA.     Spec.  it. 

patagonica,  (penguin,)  tail  slate-coloured  above, 
white  beneath  ;  a  yellowish  cravat  on  the  neck. 

See  MS.  P. 

1  —  1.     ARANEA.     Spec.  124. 
Remarks.     The  genus  of  spiders  has  attracted 
much  attention  of  modern  naturalists.     The  num- 


AllANEA*  143 

ber  and  various  arrangement  of  their  eyes,  their 
remarkable  instincts,  and  curious  structure,  inter- 
est every  nice  observer.  For  these  and  other  rea- 
sons 1  insert  all  the  species  of  Gmelin,  according 
to  his  arrangement.  As  some  species  may  be  ob- 
tained at  all  times  of  the  year,  they  afford  perpetu- 
al materials  for  the  exercise  of  students  in  natural 
history. 

A.     Eyes  placed  : : : : 

extensa,  abdomen  long,  silvery-greenish  ;  legs 
longitudinally  extended.  The  head,  thorax, 
and  legs,  are  reddish  ;  the  abdomen  is  greenish 
down  the  back  ;  the  first  pair  of  legs  very  long  ; 
the  third  very  short. 

pallens,  pale  testaceous  ;  mandibles  ferruginous, 
with  black  claws. 

albidorsa,  black  and  hairy  ;  abdomen  obovate, 
slender,  two-horned  ;  thorax  slender,  compress- 
ed laterally  :  back  of  thorax  and  abdomen  cov- 
ered with  white  hairs  ;  the  white  ridge  on  the 
abdomen  interrupted.  Found  at  Troy,  N.  Y. 
I  propose  it  as  a  new  species  because  it  is  not 
described  in  Gmelin.  It  may  be  described  by 
other  authors,  which  I  have  not  seen.  Eaton. * 

lobata,  abdomen  ovate,  lobed,  white,  with  double 
brown  lines  at  the  tip. 

longimana,  ferruginous  ;  abdomen  long,  cylindric- 
al, brown  ;  the  fore-legs  very  long,  third  pair 
very  short. 

regia,  villous,  cinereous,  with  a  yellow  band  on 
the  front  ;  the  legs  are  spinous. 

*  As  very  few  spiders  have  been  examined  and  credited  in  this  dis- 
trict, I  have  spent  a  few  hours  this  day  (Sept.  15,)  in  examining  those 
I  find  about  the  Rensselaer  School  lot,  I  insert  them  as  a  beginning. 


144  ARANfcA. 

virescens,  green,  with  a  black  cylindrical  abdo 
men  ;  the,  fore  legs  very  long. 

canciformis,  abdomen  globular,  gibbous,  with  six 
spines  round  the  margin. 

venatoria,  glossy-black,  with  a  blackish  hairy  ab- 
domen. 

guttata,  black  ;  abdomen  rounded,  and  spotted 
with  red. 

JatenSj  black  ;  abdomen  greyish,  with  a  black  in- 
terrupted dorsal  line.  Small. 

signata,  greenish  ;  sides  of  the  thorax  black  ;  ab- 
domen with  two  black  lines. 

mactans,  abdomen  ovate,  black,  with  a  scarlet 
dorsal  line.  There  is  a  variety  whose  abdo- 
men is  distinguished  with  two  pair  of  scarlet 
dots,  and  a  tail. 

cicurea,  pale-red,  with  a  cinereous  ovate  abdo- 
men, 

licornis,  yellowish  ;  the  abdomen  is  depressed, 
with  six  impressed  dots  ;  the  head  is  two- 
horned. 

nigrita,  black  ;  abdomen  with  two  testaceous  dots 
beneath.  Middle  sized. 

cornuta,  brown;  abdomen  oval,  cylindrical  above; 
yellowish-white,  with  four  pair  of  impressed 
dots  and  four  parallel  gray  lines  behind.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  a  man's  finger  ;  the  legs  are 
long  ;  the  thorax  truncate  on  each  side,  and 
ending  in  two  small  horns  behind. 

B.     Eyes  placed  *•  m  «• 

glolosa,  black  ;  abdomen  globular,  with  crimson 
sides.  The  body  is  very  small ;  the  abdomen 
with  an  interrupted  white  band  in  the  middle  ; 
the  legs  are  black ;  the  hind  ones  are  the  long- 
est. 


ARANEAb  145 

C.     Eyes  placed  •*  *  *  % 

horrida,  abdomen  nearly  triangular,  the  tip  trun- 
cate and  obtuse,  the  four  front  legs  are  longest, 
Has  a  retrograde  motion  ;  it  is  of  a  singular 
form. 

maxillosa^  ferruginous,  with  a  greenish  abdomen ; 
the  legs  are  pale  ;  the  mandibles  large  and  pro- 
jecting. 

smaragdulcij  green  ;  abdomen  paler,  with  a  green 
dorsal  line  at  the  base. 

latro,  thorax  villous,  cinereous  ;  abdomen  acute, 
black,  with  ferruginous  spots. 

viatica,  brown,  with  a  roundish  flat  obtuse  abdo* 
men  ;  four  hind-legs  very  short.  Small* 

domestica?  abdomen  ovate,  brown,  with  five  black 
and  nearly  contiguous,  spots,  tlie  anterior  ones 
larger. 

dorsata,  green  ;  abdomen  brown  on  the  back. 

tcstacea,  testaceous  ;  the  abdomen  is  subglobular, 
dull-greenish. 

trilineata,  abdomen  ovate,  whitish,  writh  three 
longitudinal  lines  of  blackish  dots. 

impressa,  black  ;  abdomen  ovate,  with  six  im- 
pressed dots,  and  two  yellow  dots  beneath. 

laevipes,  abdomen  rhomboid,  depressed,  and  spot- 
ted with  black  ;  the  legs  are  extended  and  va- 
riegated. 

tricuspidatd)  greenish  ;  abdomen  white,  with  a 
reddish  tail.  Head,  thorax,  and  legs,  green- 
ish ;  eyes,  especially  the  latter  ones,  elevated. 

D.     Eyes  placed    : : : 

argentata,  abdomen  white,    and  brown  behind  ; 
the  margin  six-toothed ;  thorax  silvery,  the  mar- 
13 


146  ARANEA. 

gin  of  the  abdomen  is  armed  with  three  strong 
spines  on  each  side. 

E.     Eyes  placed  '.::.* 

fasciata,  silvery  ;  abdomen  with  a  yellowish  band ; 
legs  annulate  with  brown. 

angulata,  abdomen  ovate,  sides  angular  and  acute 
on  the  forepart ;  the  thorax  has  an  excavated 
centre.  Web  perpendicular,  colour  variable. 

diadema,  reddish-brown  ;  abdomen  gibbous,  and 
marked  with  white  drop-shaped  spots  in  the 
form  of  a  cross.  Body  varies  much  in  colour 
from  a  darker  to  a  lighter  reddish-brown  ;  the 
legs  are  annulated  with  brown. 

marmorea,  brown  ;  abdomen  ovate  ;  varied  with 
white  and  brown.  Web  on  the  ground  ;  the 
legs  are  yellow,  annulated  with  brown. 

rcticulata,  abdomen  globular,  reticulate,  above 
purplish,  clouded  with  brown. 

cucurbitina,  abdomen  subglobular,  yellow,  with  a 
few  black  dots.  Web  lax. 

cayana,  abdomen  globular,  pale  yellowish. 

octo-punctata,  abdomen  roundish,  yellow,  with 
four  black  raised  dots  on  each  side  ;  tail  rufous. 
It  is  thought  by  some  writers  not  to  belong  to 
this  division. 

bi-punctata,  abdomen  globular,  black,  with  two 
hollow  dots. 

riparia^  abdomen  ovate,  black-bronze  ;  tail  pale- 
yellow,  and  two-horned. 

(quadrata,)  abdomen  sub-globular,  yellowish -ru- 
fous, with  a  white  line  at  the  base  and  four 
spots. 

liturata,  testaceous  ;  abdomen  pale  black,  with  # 
white  margin  and  marks. 


ARANEA.  147 

ijuadri-punctatG)  abdomen  oblong  ;  the  back  black 
and  flat  with  four  excavated  dots. 

militarist  black  ;  with  four  spines,  the  hind  ones 
longer  and  spreading. 

spinosa,  back  with  eight  spines,  the  two  hind  ones 
spreading;  abdomen  conic  beneath;  body  brown 
triangular. 

aculeata,)  back  with  six  spines,  the  hind  ones 
spreading. 

tetracantha,  abdomen  globular,  with  four  spines 
round  the  margin  ;  head  and  thorax  ferrugin- 
ous ;  abdomen  with  impressed  dots  at  the  base. 

hexacanthd)  abdomen  transverse,  with  six  spines 
round  the  abdomen. 

fomicata,  sides  of  the  abdomen  a  little  vaulted, 
Yrith  two  spines,  the  posterior  ones  the  longest, 

labarinthica,  abdomen  ovate,  brown,  with  a  whit- 
ish pinnate  line.  Web  horizontal  on  the  ground^ 
with  a  cylindric  cavity. 

quadri-hneata,  abdomen  roundish,  yellow,  with  a 
purplish  line  on  each  side,  and  four  dots.  Hya- 
line with  a  yellow  front. 

redimita,  abdomen  oval,  pale-yellow,  with  a  crim- 
son oval  crown  or  ring  on  the  back.  Legs  long, 
white,  and  transparent. 

corollatdj  abdomen  oval,  black,  with  a  white  oval 
ring  on  the  back. 

montana,  abdomen  oval,  white,  with  grey  spots  ; 
thorax  and  legs  pale  ;  fore  legs  long  and  ex- 
tended. 

wnguinolenta,  abdomen  ovate  and  scarlet,  with  a 
longitudinal  black  line. 

nigra,  abdomen  ovate,  and  scarlet  above. 

fiotata,  abdomen  ovate,  brown,  with  white  trans- 
curved  lines. 


148  ARANEA. 

rufipes,  abdomen  brown  ;  legs  rufous. 

nocturna^  abdomen  black,  with  two  white  dots, 

and  a  white  lunule  at  the  base. 
sex-punctata,  abdomen  oblong,  with  three  pair  of 

excavated  dots. 
palmtris,  thorax  and  abdomen  with  a  snowy  line 

on  each  side  ;  tip  of  the  thorax  before  the  eyes 

ends  in  a  white  line. 
aquatica,  brown ;  abdomen  ovate,  cinereous  ;  the 

back  brown  with  two  impressed  dots.     Dives 

in  search  of  food.     Jaws  large,  strong,  black, 

with  scarlet  nails. 

obscura,  abdomen  sub-conic,  dusky,  with  a  whit- 
ish dorsal  line. 
scalaris,  thorax   testaceous  ;  abdomen    snowy  on 

the  back,  with  an  oblong  indented  snowy  spot 

at  tlie  tip. 
trigutta,  yellowish ;  abdomen  black,  with  three 

white  spots. 
ScorpiJbrmiS)  black  ;  abdomen  whitish,   with  two 

black  lines  ;  fore-legs  very  long.     Small  and 

retrograde. 

varnifex,  ferruginous  ;  abdomen  grey,  with  a  dor- 
sal line. 
Jlavissima,  abdomen  oblong,  of  a  fine  rich  yellow 

colour,  and  smooth. 
bimaculata,    abdomen   roundish,    chesnut-browu 

colour,  with  two  white  dots.     Less  than  a  flea. 
truncorurri)  black,  with  white  dots  on  the  back* 

It  springs  to  a  great  distance  on  its  prey. 
mpestris,  abdomen  with  a  black  spot,  edged  with 

red,  with  white  in  the  middle.     Springs  on  its 

prey. 
mrescens9  abdomen  oblong,  yellow-green,  with  la 

teral  white  lines. 


ARANEA, 


149 


spinipes,  pale,  with  spinous  legs.  A  variety  has 
spinose  legs  with  ferruginous  joints. 

opitionoides,  grey  with  very  long  and  extremely 
slender  legs.  Web  lax  irregular,  the  threads 
cross  each  other  ;  gregarious. 

osbtckii,  pale-yellow  ;  abdomen  with  impressed 
dots  in  pairs,  with  an  odd  one  ;  the  fore-legs 
are  longer. 

ivilkii,  varied  with  black  and  grey  ;  legs  cinereous^ 
annulated  with  black  ;  the  hinder  ones  are 
shorter 

speciosci)  thorax  grey,  with  two  brown  spots  ;  the 
abdomen  is  oval-oblong,  with  transverse  black 
curves  ;  beneath  it  is  reticulated  with  black^ 
with  two  yellow  bands.  A  very  beautiful  spe- 
cies. 

F.     Eyes  placed .  V. .. 

clavipes}  abdomen  oblong,   yellow,   dotted  with 

white  ;  all  the  shanks,   except  the  third  pair,. 

clavated  and  hairy.    Web  strong,  spreading  ;  a 

beautiful  species. 
saccata,  abdomen  ovate,  rusty  brown.     Carries  its 

bag   of  eggs  behind  it.     Under  stones   about 

Troy,  New- York. 
fumigata,  abdomen  ovate,  brown,   with  two  white 

dots  at  the  base. 

••      . 

Gr.     Eyes  placed  '  ..  ; 

Jimbfiata9  black  ;  abdomen  oblong,  with  a  white 
line  on  each  side. 

dorsalis,  black  ;  thorax  compressed,  with  a  whit- 
ish dorsal  line  ;  abdomen  ovate,  whitish  at  the 
base  ;  the  legs  are  livid.  Found  ia  Sept.  air 
Troy,  New -York. 


1:50  ARANEA. 

sanguinalenta,  black  ;  abdomen  red,  with  a  black 
dorsal  line. 

fwpillrtta,  testaceous  ;  abdomen  brown  on  the  back, 
with  subocellar  fulvous  spots. 

$cenica,\)}&ck  :  abdomen  subcylindrical,  with  three 
semicircular  white  lines  on  each  side.  Body 
covered  with  silvery  hair  ;  legs  short,  hairy, 
black  and  white. 

ehlorolabd)  black  ;  long  black  and  white  hairs  dis- 
tributed over  the  body  and  legs  ;  abdomen 
ovate,  with  three  orange  or  yellowish  lunulate 
spots  on  the  posterior  part  of  the  back  ;  legs 
with  yellowish  bands;  mandibles  bright  green. 
Builds  a  kind  of  membranaceous  cot  under 
etones,  about  Troy,  N.  York.  I  propose  this 
as  a  new  species  ;  because  it  is  not  in  GrmeMn. 
Eaton. 

fulvate,  bl^ck  ;  hind  margin  of  the  thorax  fulv 
ous  ;  abdomen  with  three  fulvous  bands. 

pubescensf  abdomen  ovate,  brown,  with  four  cine- 
reous spots,  the  hind  ones  larger. 

cinerea,  cinereous  ;  abdomen  brown  on  the  back  5 
with  eight  cinereous  dots. 

trilineatu,  brown  ;  thorax  with  paler  margin,  and 
lateral  dorsal  line  ;  abdomen  ovate,  cinereous^ 
beneath  brown. 

tarantula,  abdomen  with  triangular  black  spots  on 
the  back  ;  the  legs  are  spotted  with  black 

Large. 

•      • 
H.     Eyes  placed     :: 

avicularia,  thorax  orbicular,  convex  with  a  trans- 
verse central  excavation.  So  enormous  that  its 
fangs  are  equal  to  the  talons  of  a  hawk  ;  and 
its  eyes  are  used. as  microscopes. 


ARANEA. 


154 


I.     Eyes  placed  ..::.. 

pulchra,  oval-oblong  ;  thorax  white,  villous,  ab- 
domen arid  h>gs  black,  with  yellow  bands. — 
Very  common  at  Troy,  New- York,  in  August 
and  September.  Web  vertical,  in  concentric 
polygons  attached  to  numerous  rays  ;  rebuilt 
daily  in  fair  weather,  or  chiefly  renewed. 

K.     Eyes  placed    ;; 

goezii,  black  ;  abdomen  ovate  ;  front  white.  The 
abdomen  is  marked  with  two  impressed  dots. 

L.     Eyes  placed  ..  •• 

iruncata,  grey,  ferruginous,  slightly  clouded  ;  tlio* 
rax  globular,  and  slightly  heart-shaped;  the  ab- 
domen is  something  triangular  and  marked 
with  an  obsolete  longitudinal  cross,  (syn.  angu? 
lata,} 

M.     Eyes  placed  : : :  : : 

conica,  abdomen  ovate,  obscurely  conic  behind,  va* 
ried  with  brown  and  whitish,  and  black  beneath. 
Common  in  Sept.  at  Troy,  N.  York.  Web  iu 
corners,  horizontal,  dense,  intangled  and  perma- 
nent ;  with  a  cylindrical  retreat. 

N.     Eyes  placed  : : 

albifrons,  hairy  ;  body  ovate  and  variegated  with 
black  and  chesnut- brown. 

O.     Eyes  placed  • :  :  • 

taunts,  abdomen  flat,  with  two  very  long  recurved 
opines. 


152  ARANEA. 

arcuata,  brown  ;  abdomen  with  six  spines,  the 
middle  ones  curved  and  six  times  as  long  as  the 
body.  Small. 

maculata,  thorax  silvery  ;  abdomen  cylindrical ; 
legs  very  long  and  black. 

)  brown;  abdomen  cylindrical  with  silvery 
lines  ;  legs  very  long  and  hairy.     Large. 

myropa,  greenish  ;  abdomen  red  on  the  back,  with 
a  few  black  dots  ;  the  sides  are  yellowish  ;  the 
mandibles  are  tipped  with  black  ;  the  thorax 
ivith  two  darker  lines  ;  abdomen  ovate,  pubes- 
cent ;  textorial  papillae  tipped  with  black  ;  legs 
long,  pale  greenish;  the  fore-shanks  tipt  with 
black.  A  beautiful  species. 

longipes,  black  ;  abdomen  cylindrical,  brown, 
with  six  impressed  dots  ;  the  legs  are  very  long. 

rufipesj  ferruginous  ;  abdomen  ovate,  pale  cinere- 
ous ;  legs  rufous. 

senoculata,  abdomen  greenish,  with  black  dots, 
and  a  yellow  line  on  the  sides. 

scopulorum,  abdomen  brown,  with  a  pennate  white 
dorsal  line. 

lusea,  pale  ;  abdomen  silvery,  with  black  branch- 
ed lines. 

parallel^  brown  ;  sides  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen 
white  ;  mandibles  projecting  and  parallel. 

scrofa,  hairy,  brown  ;  abdomen  semi-orbicular  ; 
mandibles  black,  exerted,  and  hooked  at  the 
tips.  Size  of  a  pigeon  egg. 

bicoims,  abdomen  two- horned. 

caspia,  thorax  sub-globular  ;  abdomen  oblong,  va- 
ried with  yellow  and  black  bands. 

argentea,  thorax  orbicular,  depressed,  white,  with 
two  black  fillets  ;  abdomen  is  ovate,  lobed,  sil~ 


ARANEA, ARCA.  153 

very,  with  two  pair  of  dots  in  the  middle,  and 
four  rows  behind.     Web  perpendicular. 

P.     Number  and  position  of  the  eyes  unknown. 

noblllis,  thorax  orange,  with  six  black  spots  ;  ab- 
domen yellow,  with  seven  black  spots. 

calceata,  hairy,  grey  ;  legs  with  two  black  spots 
at  the  tip  above,  beneath  silky,  with  a  green 
gloss.  Very  large. 

holosericea,  abdomen  ovate-oblong,  silky  livid 
brown,  with  two  yellow  tubercles  beneath. 

Spinimubilis,  abdomen  roundish,  yellowish  brown, 
with  four  rows  of  blackish  dots  ;  thighs  with 
black  movable  spines. 

cruentata,  black,  with  a  yellow  band  at  the  base 
of  the  abdomen  :  the  breast  i«  of  a  HaAn  iwj«r 

sex-cuspidata,  brown ;  back  of  the  thorax  six 
toothed,  with  a  lateral  fulvous  spot. 

hirtipes,  black ;  feelers  and  legs  hairy,  and  palt$ 
testaceous. 

tribulus,  head  three-toothed  on  the  forepart ;  ab- 
domen covered  with  numerous  spines. 

elegans,  black,  with  two  white  curves  on  the  fore- 
part of  the  thorax,  and  a  white  dorsal  line  on 
the  abdomen. 

ocellata9  pale  ;  abdomen  clouded,  with  a  black 
ring  ;  the  thighs  are  marked  with  three  double 
ocellate  spots. 

alba,  white  ;  abdomen  with  five  impressed  dots  ; 
two-horned  and  depressed  at  the  base,  and  glo- 
bular at  the  tip. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4,     ARCA,     Spec.  36. 

(noah's  ark,)  oblong,  striate,  tip  emarginate  ; 
beaks  very  remote  ;  mardn 
See  MS.  P, 


154  ARCTOMYS,    ARDEA. 

1 — 4.     ARCTOMYS.     Spec.  If. 

monax,  (marmot,)  ears  short,  round  ;  nose  bluish  : 
tail  longisb,  hairy  ;  body  grey, 

cmpetra,  (Canadian  marmot,)  ears  short,  round  ; 
tail  hairy  ;  body  mixed  grey  above,  orange  be- 
neath. About  11  inches  long.  Very  gentle  but 
hisses. 

®lpinuS)  tail  short ;  colour  greyish  -yellow,  becom- 
ing ash-coloured  towards  the  head.     About  the 
size  of  a  rabbit,  and  inhabiting  high  mountains; 
near  the  limits  of  perpetual  snow. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     ARDEA.     Spec.  87, 
Section  A.     Head  bald* 

eanadtnsisi  (brown  crane,)  forehead  naked,  papil- 
lose ;  body  cinereous  ;  wings  testaceous  on  the 
outside.  Three  feet  long. 

(common  crane,)  hind-head  naked,  papil- 
lose ;  cap  and  quill  feathers  black  ;  body  cine- 
reous ;  tail-feathers  jagged.  5  feet  long. 

americana,  (hooping  crane,)  crown,  nape  and  na- 
ked temples  papillose  ;  front,  nape  and  prima- 
ry quill-feathers  black  ;  body  white.  4  feet  6 
inches  long. 

Section  B.     Middle  claw  serrate  inwardly. 

major,  (common  heron,)  hind-head  with  long  pen- 
dant crest  ;  body  cinereous  ;  line  on  the  neck 
beneath  the  pectoral  bar  black.  Head  of  female 
smooth. 

stellaris,( heron,)  head  sraoothish  ;  body  testaceous 
above  with  transverse  spots,  pater  beneath^ 
with  oblong  brown  spots. 


ARGENTINA,   ASfclDlA.  i55 

4 — 4.     ARGENTINA.     Spec  4. 

Carolina,  (argentine,)  anal  fin  with  fifteen  rays. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.     ARGUNANTA.     Spec.  5. 
ergo,  (ancient  nautilus,)  keel  or  ridge  of  the  shell 
slightly  toothed  each  side. 
See  MS.  P. 

11 — J.     ASCAIUS.     Spec.  78. 

lumbricoides)  (human  lumbricus,  bowel- worm,)  bo- 
dy long,  smooth,  cylindrical,  tapering  to  both 
ends,  with  three  protuberances  at  the  fore  end, 
and  a  depressed  band  around  the  body.  Infests 
the  human  intestines ;  most  frequently  in  young 
persons.  From  four  to  ten  inches  in  length. 

vermicularis,  (thread-worm,)  body  filiform  ;  fore 
end  with  three  papillae  or  vesicles  ;  whole  ru- 
gose, pellucid,  annular  ;  tail  commences  at  an 
aperture,  and  is  two-thirds  of  the  whole  length. 
The  whole  worm  is  about  half  an  inch  in  length. 
They  originate  in  the  lower  part  of  the  alimen- 
tary canal  ;  but  often  extend  up  to  the  stomach 
and  penetrate  all  parts  adjoining  the  intestines. 
A  person  may  have  several  thousands  of  them, 
and  still  remain  for  a  season  in  tolerable  health. 
Remarks  Animal  oil  mixed  with  spirits  of 
turpentine,  administered  in  small  quantities,  ac- 
companied with  tonics,  is  the  French  practice 
in  removing  both  species. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     ASCIDIA.     Spec.  34. 
rustica,  (spirting  jelly,)  oblong,    brownish    with 
flesh-coloured    apertures  ;    extremities  rougb; 
middle  smooth. 
Sec  MS.  P. 


156  ASILUS, 

8 — 12.     ASILUS.     Spec  48. 
tfstuans,  (hornet-fly,)    cinereous,  having  the  three 

last  segments  of  the  body  white. 
tfstivus,  cinereous,  having  three  black  lines  on  the 
thorax  ;  legs  dark  coloured  ;  shanks  testaceous. 
See  MS.  P. 

10 — 1.     ASTERIAS.     Spec.     37. 
aculeata,  (sea-star,)   rays  five  ;    disk   orbicular, 

covered  with  glabrous  prickles. 
aranciaca,  rays  somewhat  depressed  and  prickly 

along  the  margin  :  disk  broad. 
caput  medusae,  (medusa's  head,)  five  rays  perpetu- 
allv  bifurcate  into  numerous  branches. 
See  i\jS  P. 

4 — 4.     ATHERINA.     Spec.  5. 

menidia,  (silver-fish,)   anal  fin  24-rayed  ;    body- 
small,  pellucid,  Spotted. 
See  MS.  P. 

8- — 5.     ATTELABUS.      Spec.  37. 
pensylvanica,  black  ;  shells  reddish,  with  a  black 
band  in  the  middle  and  at  the  tip. 
See  MS.  P. 

B. 

14 — 1.     BACILLARIA.     Spec.  1. 

paradoxa,  (straw-threads,)  perpetually  changing 
its  appearance,  so  that  it  might  at  one  moment 
be  taken  for  a  different  species  from  that  of  the 
preceding  moment. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 8.     BALJENA.     Spec.  8. 
nysticetusj  (common  whale,)  nostrils  flexuous,  on 
the  forepart  of  the  head ;  dorsal  fin  none.  1  Var. 


BALJENA,    BLENNEUS*  157 

black.    2  Var,  large  spiracle.    From  50  to  100 

feet  long.     North  seas. 

)  (fin-whale,)  spiracles  double  on  the  mid- 
dle of  the  forepart  of  the  head  ;  a  soft  fin  at  the 

extremity  of  the  back.  4  feet  long.     Temperate 

zone. 
loops?  (pike-head  whale,)  spiracles  double  on  the 

snout ;  a  horny  protuberance  at  the  end  of  the 

back.    46  feet  long.     North  seas. 
gibbosa,  (bunched  whale,)  back  gibbose  ;  dorsal 

fin  none.  1  Var.  one  bunch  on  the  back.  2  Var. 

six  bunches  on  the  back.     United  States  coast, 
musculus,  (round-lip  whale,)  spiracles  double  on 

the  forehead  ;  under  jaw  very  broad.     78  feet 

long.     Norwegian  seas. 
rostrata,  (beaked  whale,)  nose  elongated  to  a  peak; 

dorsal  fin  fat.    25  feet  long,    Norwegian  seas. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     BALISTES.     Spec.  24. 

americana,  (prickle -fish.)  dorsal  and  ventral  rays 
very  low,  second  dorsal  fin  and  triangular  anal 
one  larger. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—6.     BLATTA.     Spec.  42. 

orientalist  common  cock-roach,)  yellowish-brown, 
without  spots  ;  wing-cases  abbreviated,  with 
an  oblong  groove. 

americana,  (sugar  cock-roach,) ferruginous;  shield 
of  the  thorax  whitish  behind. 
See  MS.  P. 

4—2.    BLENNEUS.     Spec.  18. 

phyciS)  (hake,)  nostrils  subcrested  ;  lower  lip  with 
a  cirrus  ;  back  with  two  fins. 
See  MS.  P. 

14 


158  BOA,  BOS. 

3—3.     BOA.     Spec.  14. 

constrictor,  (speckled  giant-snake,)  plates  of  the 
belly  about  240,  of  the  tail  60.  Often  36  feet 
long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     BODIANUS.     Spec.  15. 

serranus,  (sea-perch,)  having  prickly  apercules. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 12.     BOMBYLIUS.     Spec  9. 

major,  (humming-fly,)  black,  with  thick  yellowish 
down  ;  wings  with  a  broad  sinuate  black  outer 
margin.  Antennas  united  at  the  base. 

&qual\s,  body  covered  with  cinereous  hairs,  with  a 
broad   equal   black  outer  margin.      Antenna* 
united  at  the  base. 
See  MS.  P. 

1—7.     Bos.     Spec.  9. 

taurus,  (ox,  bison,)  horns  round,  turning  outwards 
from  their  origin  ;  having  lax  dewlaps  or  fold- 
ed skin  before  the  breast.  Var.  bison,  horns 
bent  forward ;  back  gibbous,  having  a  long 
mane. 

americanus,  (spanish  ox,)  horns  round,  distant, 
pointing  outwards  ;  inane  long,  woolly  ;  back 
gibbous. 

bubulus,  (buffalo,)  horns  resupinate,  turned  in- 
wards, flat  on  the  foreside. 

moschatus,  (musk  ox,)  horns  approaching  at  the 
base,  broad,  bent  inward  and  backward  ;  tips 
bent  outwards  and  pointed, 
See  MS.  P. 


BRACHIONUS,    BULLA*  159 

14 — 1.     BRACHIONUS.     Spec.  12. 
urceolaris,  ( shell-jelly,)  bell -form,  with  the  shell 
many-toothed  at   the   tip  and  rounded  at  the 
base  ;  tail  long,  bifid  at  the  end. 
See  MS.  P. 

i — 5.     BRADYPUS,     Spec.  3. 
tridactylus,  (three-toed  sloth,)  feet  3  or  4-toed. 
didactylus,  fore  feet  with  two  toes  ;  tail  none, 
pentadactylus,  feet  with  five  toes  ;  tail  short. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     BUUCHUS.     Spec.  27. 
i,  (pea-bug,)  shells  black,  spotted  with  white  3 
tail  white  with  two  black  dots.     Very  destruct- 
ive to  fields  of  pease. 
See  MS.  P. 

2—3.    Bucco.     Spec.  17. 

fumatid)    (barbet,)    tawny-brown  ;    tawrny-white 
beneath,  spotted  with  black.      Inhabits  torrid 
zone,  like  most  of  the  species. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.     BUCCINIUIL.     Spec.  190. 
strorriboides,   (conk-whelk,)    shell   glabrous   with 
distinct  whorls ;  lip  prominent ;  base  obliquely 
striate  ;  shell  yellowish-brown. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     BUCEROS.     Spec.  16. 

bicornisj  (hornbill,)  front  bony,  flat,  two-horned  at 
the  forepart.     Size  of  common  hen. 

See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.     BULLA.     Spec.  50. 
ampulla,  (bubble-shell,)  rounded,   obtuse  at  one 


160  BULL  A;  CALLIONYMUS. 

end  ;  crown   umbilicate.    2  or  3  inches  long. 
In  sea. 

fontinalis,    (river  bubble-shell^)   ovate,  pellucid, 
with  an  obsolete  spire ;  whorls   turning  from 
right    to    left ;    aperture    ovate-oblong.      One 
fourth  of  an  inch  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

2—2.     BUPHAGA.     Spec.  1. 
africand)  (beef-eater,)  brown  above  ;  beneath  and 
the  rump  yellowish  ;  8  or  9  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     BUPRESTIS.     Spec.  125. 

rustica,  (gold-bug,)  shells  emarginate,  striate  ; 
body  bright  greenish-gold  colour. 

See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.     BURSARIA.     Spec.  3. 

truncatella,  ventricose,   truncate  at  the  top.     In 
marsh  water. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     BYRRHUS.     Spec.  13. 

pitula,  brown  ;  shells  with  black  interrupted  striae, 
See  MS*  P- 

C. 

3— -3.     CJSCILA.     Spec.  2. 

tentaculata,  wrinkles  of  the  body  135  ;  none  on 
the  tail.  12  inches  long  ;  one-third  of  an  inch 
diameter. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 2.     CALLIONYMUS.     Spec.  7.. 
tyra,  (dragonet,)  first  ray  of  the  first  dorsal-fin  a& 
long  as  the  body ;  12  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P: 


CAMELOPAUDALISj  CANCER.  161 

1 — 7.    CAMELOPAIIDALIS.  Spec.  1. 
guaffa,  (giraffe-camel,)  whitish-tawny,  with  scat- 
tered rusty  spots  ;  horns  short,  blunt. 
See  MS.  P. 

t — 7.     CAMELUS.    Spec.  7. 

dromedarius,  (araftian  camel,)  back-bunch  single  5 

8  feet  and  a  half  high. 

bactricanus,  (bactrian  camel,)  back-bunches  two. 
glama,  (lama  camel,)  bunch  on  the  breast ;  back 

smooth.    4  feet  6  inches  high. 
huanaciiS)  (huanaco,)  body  hairy  ;  back  gibbous  ; 

tail  erect.   4  feet  3  inches  high.     Eatable. 
arcucanus,  (peru  camel,)  body  woolly,  smooth  ; 

nose  turned  upward  ;  tail  pendulous.     Resem- 
bles a  sheep.     Eatable. 
vicugna,  (andes  camel,)  body  woolly,  smooth  ;•  nose 

flat,  blunt  5-  tail  erect.      Wool  soft,   fine   and 

silky. 
pato,  (purple  camel,)  no  bunches  ;  body  woolly  ; 

nose  oblong.     Wool  long  and  coarse. 
See  MS.  P. 

6 — i.     CANCER.     Spec,  about  300. 

pagnruS)  (eatable  crab,)  thorax  with  nine  obtuse 
plates  at  each  side  ;  pincers  of  the  hand-claw 
black  at  the  tip. 

pisum,  (pea-crap,)  thorax  orbicular  obtuse  ;  tail  as 
large  as  the  body.  Found  in  muscels  about  the 
size  of  a  pea. 

gammarus.;  (eatable  lobster,)  thorax  smooth  j  pro- 
boscis toothed  at  the  sides,  with  a  double  tooth, 
at  the  base,  on  each  side  ;  hands  smooth, 
Sec  MS.  P. 


162  GANCROMA,  CAMS, 

2 — 5.     GANCROMA.     Spec.  2. 

cochlearia,  (boat-bill,)  crested  ;  ash-colour,  having 
a  black  crown  and  lunule  on  the  neck. 
See  MS.  p. 

1—3.     CANIS.     Spec.  21. 

Jamiliaris?  (dog,)  tail  recurvate^  inclining  to  the 
left. 
See  MS.  P. 

Varieties,  34* 

1.  Shepherd  dog.      Ears  erect ;  tail  woolly  be* 
neath. 

2.  Wolf  dog.     Hair  of   the  head  long ;    ears 
erect;  tail  much  curved  on  the  rump. 

3.  Siberian  dog.     Ears  erect  ;  hair  all  long. 

4.  Iceland  dog.  Ears  erect  with  pendulous  tips  j 
hair  long,  except  on  the  snout. 

5.  Water  dog.     Hair  long,   curled,   appearing 
like  a  sheep. 

6«  Dwarf  water  dog.    Hair  long,  curled  ;  around 
the  ears  it  is  long,  hanging  down. 

7.  King  Charles  dog.    Head  smallish,  rounded, 
snout  short ;  tail  curved  back. 

8.  Spaniel  dog.     Ears  long,  woolly,  pendulous. 
9e  Maltese  dog.     Hair  soft,  silky,  very  long. 

10.  Lion  dog.     Very   small ;  hair  on  the  belly 
and  tail  shorter. 

11.  Danish  dog.      Ears  small,   sub-pendulous  j 
snout  small,  acute  ;  legs  slender. 

12.  False  pug-dog.     Ears  small,  sub-pendulous  ; 
nose  thick,  flatish. 

13.  Pug-dog.     Nose    crooking    upwards  ;    ears 
pendulous ;  body  square. 

14.  Bull-dog,     Sides  of  the  lips  pendulous ;  body 
robust,  and  about  the  size  of  a  wolf. 


GANIS.  163 

15.  Mastiff.     Very  large  ;  sides  of  the  lips  pen- 
dulous j.  body  robust. 

16.  German  hound.     Ears  pendulous  ;  a  spurious 
claw  on  the  hind  feet. 

47.  Common  hound.  Ears  pendulous  ;  a  spurious 
claw  on  the  hind-feet,  whitish,  or  white  with 
spots. 

18.  Blood-hound,     Any  hound  that  is  very  saga- 
cious in  pursuit. 

19.  Pointer.     Tail  truncate,  spotted. 

20.  Barbet.     Tail  truncate,  hair  long,  coarse. 

21.  Gaunt  grey-hound.     Head  long;    snout  ro- 
bust ;   ears  small,   sub-pendulous  ;   legs  long, 
stout ;  body  long,  slender. 

22.  Irish  greyhound.     Body  curved  ;  snout  nar- 
rowing ;  size  of  a  mastiff. 

23.  Turkish  greyhound.      Body   curved .;  snout 
tapering  ;  hair  a  little  curled  ;  size  of  a  mastiff* 

24.  Common  greyhound.     Body  curved  ;  snout 
tapering  ;  size  of  a  wolf. 

25.  Rough  greyhound.     Body  curved  ;  snout  ta- 
pering ;  hair  longer,  curled  ;  size  of  a  wrolf. 

26.  Italian  greyhound.     Body  curved  ;  snout  ta- 
pering ;  small. 

27.  Naked  dog.     Body  nearly  destitute  of  hair  ; 
mostly  small. 

28.  Oriental  dog.  Tall,  slender  ;  ears  pendulous ; 
hair  on  the  tail  hanging  down  very  long. 

29.  Lurcher.      Body    narrow  ;    legs   stout ;  tail 
strong,  strait ;  hair  short,  thick-set. 

30.  Rough  lurcher.      Body  narrow ;  legs  stout ; 
tail  thick,  strait ;  hair  long,  rough. 

31.  Bear  lurcher.     Head  and  snout  thick ;  body 
narrow  behind  j  feet  long  ;  hair  long,  rough. 


32.  Turnspit.     Legs  short ;  body  long,  often  spot* 
ted.     The  feet  are  strait  or  curved  ;  hair  varies 
in  length,  and  is  strait  or  curled, 

33.  Alco  dog.      Head   small ;   ears   pendulous  ; 
back  curved  ;-  tail  short ;  size  of  a  maltese  dog* 
It  is  sometimes  very  fat,  neck  short,  belly  large. 

34.  New-Holland  dog.     Tail  bushy,  pendulous  ; 
ears  short,  erect  ;  snout  pointed. 

Remarks.     These   are  all  the   distinct  varie- 
ties recognized   by    Linneus,     his   editors    and 
translator.      These,  however,  are    variously    in- 
termixed ;   so  that  it   is  impossible  ever  to  give  a 
catalogue  of  all  the  intermediate   shades  of  char- 
acter among  dogs.     I   insert   these   varieties  as  a 
specimen  of  the  effects  of  domestication,  for  the 
instruction  of  students  in  Natural  History. 
lupus,  (wolf,)  tail  bent  inwards,  bushy,  pendulous, 
black  at  the  tip.      Nose  pointed,  ears  erect, 
sharp,   head  and  neck  cinereous  ;    body  pale- 
brown,  tinged  with  yellow.     Colour  of  the  hair 
differs  in  differentcountries      In  France  yellow, 
in  Russia  white,  in  Canada  and  Northern  states 
often  dark   brown,  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
grey  and  striped. 

aureus,  (jackal,)  tail  strait,  body  pale  tawny  ;  ears 
short,  erect,  pointed  ;  tail  tapering  both  ways, 
tipped  with  black. 
lycaon,  (black  fox,)  tail  strait ;  body  black  ;  hairs 

often  silvery  at  the  tip. 
vulpesi  (common  fox,)  tail  strait,  tipped  with  white; 

body  tawny  ;  lips  white. 

virginianus,  (grey  fox,)  tail  strait  ;•  body  whitish- 
ash. 

crucigera,  (crossed  fox,)  tawny  ;  a  black  cross  on, 
the  shoulders ;  fur  thick,  soft. 


CANTS,    CAPRIMULGUS,  165 

vustralis,  (australis,)tail  bushy,  hanging  down,  tip- 
ped with  white  ;  ears  short,  erect,  pointed, 
See  MS.  P. 


8  —  5.     CANTHARIS.     Spec.  100.. 

Ihida,  body  entirely  testaceous. 
See  MS.  P. 

1  —  7.    CAPRA.     Spec.  3, 

Qegagrus,  (goat,)  horns  keeled,  arched  backward? 
throat  bearded.  Variety,  domestica,  horn  with 
an  outward  curvature  at  the  end.  V.  angora, 
hair  long,  soft,  silky.  V.  syriaca,.  horns  reclin- 
ed, ears  pendulous  ;  chin  bearded.  V.  afrieana, 
horns  short,  depressed,  reclining  on  the  skull, 
V.  whidawia,  horns  erect,  turns  forward  at  the 
ends.  V.  capricorna,  horns  short,  turned  for- 
ward at  the  tips,  annulate  at  the  sides. 
caucasica,  (Caucasian  goat,)  horns  turned  back- 
ward and  outward,  verging  inwards  at  the  tips? 
slightly  triangular,  knotty  behind. 
See  MS.  P. 

2  —  2.     CAPRIMULGUS.     Spec.  19. 

$uropoeus9  (night-hawk,  goat-sucker,)  black,  varied 
with  cinereous,  brown,  ferruginous  and  white  j 
beneath  reddish-white  with  brown  bauds.  Ten 
inches  long. 

virginianuS)  (whip-poor-will,)  brown,  transversely 
varied  with  greyish  brown  and  somewhat  cine- 
reous ;  beneath  reddish  white,  transversely 
streaked  ;  chin  with  a  triangular  white  spot  ; 
area  of  the  eyes  and  neck  above  spotted  with 

\  orange.  8  inches  long.  Its  night  song  is  monoto- 
nous, but  very  agreeable  to  those  whose  child* 
hood  has  been  spent  among  them, 

Sec  MS.  P. 


166  CARABUS,   CAVIR. 

8 — 5.     CARABUS.     Spec.  365. 

cyanus,  no  under  wing  ;  black  with  a  violet  gloss ; 
elytra  with  rough  confluent  dots. 

See  MS.  P. 

9 — 3.     CARDIUM.     Spec.  52. 
edule,  (eatable  cockle,)  shell  of  an  old  appearance, 
with  about  28  depressed  ribs,  and  obsolete  re- 
curved scales.    Shell  whitish  with  a  bluish  or 
yellowish  cast.    In  sandy  beach. 

See  MS.  P. 

11 — 2.     CARYOPHYLL.EUS.    Spec.  1. 
pisdum,   (pink- worm,)  body  clay-colour,  rounded 
behind,   broad   before.    An  inch  long.     In  the 
intestines  of  fish. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     CASSIDA.   Spec.  84. 
viridis,  green  ^  body  black  ;  thorax  entire. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 4.     CASTOR.     Spec.  2. 

fiber,  (beaver,)  tail  ovate,  flat,  naked  ;  ears  shortr 
covered  with  fur  ;  hair  soft,  short,  dusky.  Two 
or  three  feet  long. 

huidobrius,  (chilese  beaver,)tail  compressed,  lance- 
olate, hairy ;  fore  feet  lobed,  hind  feet  palmate. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 4.    CAVIA.    Spec.  7. 

cobaya,  (guinea-pig,)  tail  none  ;  variegated  with 
white  and  tawriey  or  black  ;  body  thick,  neck 
short.  About  12  inches  long 

-5cfi  MS.  P» 


CELLEPORA,  CERCARIA.         167 

13 — 2.     CELLEPORA.    Spec.  8. 
pumicosa,  (cellepore,)  irregular,  brittle,  erect,  with 
gibbous,  mucronate,  crowded  cells. 

See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     CELLULARIA.     Spec.     1. 
-salicornia,   (samphire  coral,)  articulations    cyliu- 
dric,  hollow  within  ;  pitts  over  the  whole  sur- 
face arranged  in  fives. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     CENTRISCUS.     Spec.  3. 
scolopax,   (snipe-fish,)   body   scaly,   rough  ;  tail 
strait,  extended.    6  or  8  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5«     CEPHALUS.     Spec.  1. 
mola,  (round  sunfish,)  unarmed,  rough,  compress- 
rounded  ;  dorsal  and  anal  fins  connected  ;  spi- 
racles oval.    Var.  oblongus,  has  moonfurm  spi- 
racles ;  body  oblong. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     CEPOLA.     Spec.  3. 

tatnia,  (tape-fish,)  caudal  fin  tapering,  wedgeform  : 
head  very  obtuse*  4  to  5  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     CERA  MB  YX.     Spec.  470. 

tfdilis,  (goat- horn,)  thorax  spinous,  with  four  pale- 
yellow  dots  ;  elytra  or  shells  obtuse,  grey, 
shaded  with  brown  ;  antennae  very  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.     CERCARIA.     Spec.  13. 

mutabilisj  (cameleon  scum,)  changeable,  red  or 
green,  cylindric  ;  tail  pointed,  somewhat  bifid. 

/Sec  MS.  P. 


168  CEItTHIA, 

2—2.     CERTHIA.     Spec.  78. 
JainilidfiS)  (creeper,)  grey,  beneath  white  ;  quill- 
feather  brown,  ten  of  them  with  a  white  spot, 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 7.     CERVUS.     Spec.  11. 

nlces,  (moose,  elk,)  horns  palmate,  with  sholi 
beams  or  none  ;  throat  carunculate  ;  ears  long, 
large,  upright,  slouching  ;  upper  lip  hanging 
over  the  mouth  ;  neck  short,  slouching,  with  an 
upright  mane;  tail  short. 

dephas,  (stag,)  horns  branched,  round,  recurvate ; 
body  tawny  above,  whitish  beneath. 

tarandus,  (rein-deer,)  horns  branched,  round,  re- 
curvate ;  summits  palmate.  Casts  its  horns  in 
November.  Three  or  four  feet  high  ;  used  for 
drawing  sledges.  Brown  above,  white  beneath. 

dama,  (fallow-deer,)  horns  branched,  recurved, 
compressed  ;  summit  palmate.  Colour  varies 
by  domestication  from  red  to  white.  Lives  20 
years.  Females  hornless. 

virginianus,  (american  deer,)  horns  branched,  turn- 
ed forward,  somewhat  palmate.  Taller  than 
the  fallow  deer,  and  brighter  coloured. 

mexicanus,  (mexican  deer,)  horns  three-forked  at 
the  tip,  turned  forward  ;  body  tawney. 

capreolus,  (roe,)  horns  branched,,  round,  erect, 
summits  bifid  ;  body  brown. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3,     CIUSTODON.     Spec.  70. 

alepidotus,  tail  bifid  ;  dorsal  spines  3  ;  ventral 
fins  none. 

See  MS.  P. 


CHAMA,    CHRYSIS.  169 

9  —  3.     CHAMA.     Spec.  28. 

gigas,  (giant  shell,)  shell  plaited,  with  arched 
scales  ;  posterior  slope  gaping.  The  largest  of 
all  shells.  The  two  valves  including  the  ani- 
mal is  said  to  weigh  above  five  hundred  pounds. 
There  is  one  valve  of  vast  size  now  in  the  Alba 
ny  museum 

vntiquata,  shell  subcordate,  longitudinally  groov 
ed,  and  transversely  striate. 
See  MS.  P. 


2—5,     CHARARDRIUS.    Spec.  33. 

hiaticulus,  (plover,)  breast  black  ;  front  blackish., 
with  a  white  band  ;  crown  brown  ;  legs  yellow. 
See  MS-  P. 

8—7.     CHERMES.     Spec.  33. 

graminis,  (grass-gall,)  on  grasses. 

Remark.     All  the   species   are  named  by  the 
genetive  of  the    generic  name  of  the  plant  on 
which  they  make  the  gall. 
See  MS.  P. 

4  —  5.     CHIMAERA.     Spec.  2. 

monstrosa,  (sea-  monster,)  snout  with  porous  folds 
beneath. 

See  MS.  P. 

9  —  2.     CHITON.     Spec.  28. 
tuber  culatus,  shell  seven-  valved,  thickly  set  with 
short  hairs. 

See  MS-.  P. 

8—9.     CHRYSIS.     Spec.  31. 

smaragdula,  (golden-fly,)  green  ;  tail  six-toothed^ 
blue. 
See  MS.  P. 

15 


170  CHRYSOMELA,    CLUPEA, 

8 — 5.    CHRYSOMELA.     Spec,  340. 
tenebricosa,  no  under  wing,  oval,  black  ;  antennae 
and  legs  violet. 
See  MS,  P. 

8 — 5.     CICINDELA.     Spec.  60. 

camptstrisi  (tiger  insect,)   greenish-gold  colour  ; 
shells  with  six  white  dots. 
See  M8.  P. 

8 — 7.     CICADA.     Spec.  296. 

septendecim,  (american  locust,)  black  ;  wing-caps 
whitish  with  a  yellowish  rib. 

See  MS  P. 

8—7.     CIMEX.     Spec.  823. 

lectularius)  (house-bug,  bed-bug,)  wingless  ;  body 
ferruginous. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     CLIO.     Spec.  6. 

pyramidata,  sheath  triangular,  pyramidal ;  mouth 
obliquely  truncate. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.    CLUPEA.    Spec.  15. 
harengus,  (herring,)  body  without  spots  ;  lower 

jaw  longer. 
sprattus,  (sprat,  box-herring,)  dorsal  fin  17-rayed  ; 

belly  strongly  serrate. 
alosa,  (european  shad,)  sides  with  round  black 

spots  placed  longitudinally  ;  gill-covers  striate ; 

snout  bifid. 
sapidissima,  (american  shad,)  no  spots  on  the  sides ; 

snout  entire.    About  eighteen  inches  long. 
pseudo  harengiiS)  (american  herring,)  body  ash- 


CLUPEA,    COLPODA.  171 

colour  above,   inclining  to  dull  greenish -blue  ; 
sides  and  belly  silvery ;  no  spots  on  the  sides  ; 
under  jaw  a  little  longest. 
See  MS.  P. 

4. — 4.     COBITIS.     Spec.  6. 
tania,  (groundling,)  cirri  six  ;  a  forked  spine  un- 
der each  eye. 

heteroclita,   (mudfish,)  head  without  cirri ;  dorsal 
and  anal  fins  spotted  with  white  ;  tail  barred 
with  black. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     COCCINELLA.     Spec  164. 
hcptapunctata,  (tooth-ache  lady-bug,)  wing-cases 

red  with  seven  black  dots.     Said   to  cure  the 

tooth-ache,   by  mashing  it  between  the  fingers 

and  then  applying  it  to  the  tooth. 

Remarks.  Twenty-eight  species  of  this  genus 
are  distinguished  by  the  number  of  dots  on  the 
elytra  or  shell  wings  ;  and  named  by  prefixing  a 
latin  numeral  expressive  of  the  number  of  dots,  to 
punctata. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 7.     Coccus.     Spec.  46. 
cacti,  (cochineal,)  body  depressed,  downy,  trans- 
versely wrinkled  ;    abdomen  purplish  ;    legs 
short,  black  ;  antennse  subulate,  a  third  shorter 
than  the  body.    The  female  is  the  cochineal  of 
the  shops  ;  which  when  ground  is  sold  under 
the  name  carmine. 
See  MS.  P. 

14 — i.     COLPODA.     Spec.  7. 
meleagris,  (turkey  feather,)  changeable:  forepart 
hooked,  hind  part  folded  up. 

See  MS.  P. 


172  COLIUS,    COLYMBUS. 

2 — 2.     COLIUS.     Spec.  7. 

capensiS)   (coly,)  exterior  tail-feathers  white  out- 
side ;  body  cinereous  whitish  beneath. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 3.     COLUBER.     Spec.  176. 

vipera,  (egyptian  viper,)  subferruginous,  spotted 
with  brown  ;  beneath  whitish  ;  tail  short,  mu- 
cronate.  About  sixteen  inches  long.  Supposed 
to  be  the  asp  of  Cleopatra. 

constrictor,  (black  snake,)  shining  black,  body 
long  and  slender  ;  abdominal  scales  186,  cau- 
dal 92. 

Remark.    Most  of  our  snakes  are  of  this  genus, 
See  MS.  P. 

2—4.     COLUMBA.  ,  Spec.  82. 

migratoria,  (common  pidgeon,)  orbits  naked,  san- 
guineous ;  body  cinereous  ;  breast  rusty  red. 

earoliniensisf  (mourning  dove,)  body  reddish-cine- 
reous, reddish  beneath  ;  orbits  blue. 

canadensis,  (american  turtle-dove,)  body  greyish- 
brown,  whitish  beneath  ;  primary  quill-feathers 
yellowish  at  the  tip  ;  tail  feathers  white  at  the 
apex.    12  or  13  inches  long, 
See  MS.  P* 

2 — 6,     COLYMBUS.     Spec.  25. 
glacialiS)  (loon,   speckled  diver,)   head  and  neck 
violaceous  black  ;  a  white  interrupted  band  on 
the   chin   and  upper  part  of  the  neck.     Some- 
times three  feet  long. 

cristatusj    (grebe,)  fuscous,  white  beneath  ;  head 
rufous  ;  collar  black  ;  secondary  quill-feathers 
white.     About  23  inches  lone. 
See  MS,  P. 


COMEPHROUS,  CORVUS. 

4 — 1.     COMEPHROUS.     Spec.  1. 

a  soft  fatty  substance,  above  a  foot  in 
length. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—12.     CONOPS.     Spec.  22. 
vesicular  is,   blackish  ;  hind-head   vesicular  ;  ab- 
domen yellow  with  black  base.     Woods. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.     CONUS.     Spec,  83. 

ammiralis,  (cone  shell,)  shell  with  rough  punctures 
at  the  base.  This  species  contains  about  forty 
varieties.  The  variety  americanus,  has  irregu- 
lar bands,  is  brown,  cloudy  or  spotted. 

See  MS.  P. 

2—2.     CORACIAS.     Spec.  25. 
garrula,   (roller,)  blue,  back    red  ;  quill-feathers 
black  ;  legs  short,  dirty  yellow. 

See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     CORALLINA.     Spec.  38. 

officinaliS)  (coralline,)  sub-bipinnate,   and  usually 
trichotomous,  with  the  joints  of  the  stem  sub- 
cuneate  or   turbinate  j    those  of  the  branches 
round,  and  some  of  the  terminal  ones  capitate. 
See  MS.  P. 

2—5.     CORRIRA.     Spec.  1. 

/falica,  (messinger,)  bill  arched,  yellowish  ;  legs 
brown  ;  head  brown  streaked  with  white. 

See  MS.   P. 

2 — 2.     CORVUS.     Spec.  48. 
cor 'ax -,   (raven,)  black  ;  back  bluish-black  5  tail 
roundish.     Often  two  feet  long. 
*15 


174  eoRYus,  COTTUS* 

corone,  (carrion  crow,)  entirely  black,  with  a  vio- 
let-blue gloss  ;.  tail  rounded,  feathers  pointed 
at  the  ends.  12  to  18  inches  long. 

frugilegus,  (rook,)  black  ;  front  subcinereous  ; 
tail  roundish  ;  skin  about  the  nostrils,  and  base 
of  the  bill  bare. 

montdula,  (jackdaw,)  black-brown  ;  hind-head 
hoary  ;  front,  wings,  and  tail,  black. 

glandarius,  (jay,)  wing-coverts  blue,  with  trans- 
verse black  and  white  lines  ;  body  ferruginous, 
inclining  to  vinaceous.  About  ten  or  twelve 
inches  long. 

cristatuS)  (blue-jay,)  blue,  collar  black  ;  wing- 
coverts  with  transverse  black  lines. 

pica,  (magpie,)  variegated  with  black  and  white  ; 
tail  wedgeform. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     CORYPJL&NA.     Spec.  19. 

psittacus,  (parrot  fish,)  lateral  lines  intercepted  : 
fins  with  longitudinal  coloured  lines. 
See  MS.  P.  " 

4 — 3.     COTTUS.     Spec.  10. 

cataphractus,  (armed  bullhead,)  body  eight-an- 
gled, mailed  ;  upper  jaw  with  two  upright  bifid 
spines  ;  throat  with  numerous  cirri. 

scaber,  (prickly  bullhead,)  head  and  lines  down 
the  body  with  serrate  scales  j  lateral  line  acu- 
leate. 

scorpius,  (father-lasher,)  head  armed  with  numer- 
ous large  spines  ;  upper  jaw  rather  longer  than 
the  lower. 
Sec  MS.  P. 


GRAX,    CULEX.  175 

2—4.     CRAX.     Spec.  6. 

alcctor,  (curassow,)  cere  yellow  ;  body  black  ;  bel- 
ly white. 

See  MS.  P. 

3 — 3.     CROTALUS.     Spec.  6. 
horriduS)  (rattle  snake,)  plates  on  the  belly  167  ; 
of  the   tail  23.     About  5  or  6  feet  long  ;  body 
covered   with    triangular   spots.      Thick  and 
clumsy. 

See  MS,  P. 

2 — 3.     CROTOPHAGA,     Spec.  4. 
major,  blackish  violet ;  feathers  edged  with  green  > 
quill-feathers  dusky-green  ;  feet  climbers. 

See  MS.  P. 

11 — 1.     CUCULLANUS.     Spec.  7. 

lacustris,  body  rufous  and  truncate  before.  In- 
habits the  liver  and  intestines  offish. 

See  MS   P. 

2 — 3.     CUCULUS.     Spec.  55. 

mnorus,  (cuckow,)  cinereous  ;  whitish  beneath-, 
transversely  streaked  with  brown  ;  tail  round- 
ed, blackish,  dotted  with  white. 

americanus,  (anurican  cuckow,)  tail  wedge-form  ; 
body  cinereous  above,  white  beneath  5  lower 
jnandable  pale  yellow. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 12.     CULEX.     Spec.  14. 
(musquetoe,)  cinereous,  with  eight  brown 
rings  ;  antennae  of  the  male,  pectinate.     Makes 
a  shrill  buzzing  noise.     The  English  call  our 
musquetoe  the  gnat, 


176  CULEX,  CYPRJEA, 

ciliatus,  (Carolina  musquetoe,)  black,  with  twoyel* 
low  dorsal  lines  on  the  thorax  ;  legs  yellow, 

Sec  MS.   P. 

8 — 5.     CURCULIO.     Spec.  754. 

gigcis,  thorax  and  elitra  rough  ;  antennae  tipped 
with  white. 

Sec  M*.  P. 

14 — 2.     CYCLIDIUM.     Spec.  7. 

radians,  ovate,  with  distinctly  visible  intestines. 
Pellucid.  In  vegetable  infusions. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     CYCLOPTERUS.     Spec.  10. 

lumpus,  (lump-sucker,)    body   made  angular  by 
rows  of  sharp  bony  tubercles. 
See  Mb.   P. 

8—9.     CYNTPS.     Spec.  35. 

fagi,  (beech  gall-fly,)  black,  without  spots  ;  pro- 
duces pyriform  galls  on  the  under  side  of  beech 
leaves. 

Remark.  Species  are  mostly  made  by  the  gen- 
itive case  of  the  generic  name  of  the  plant  on  which 
the  insect  makes  the  gall.  The  generic  and  spe- 
cific names  are  both  used  in  the  genitive  case  for 
the  specific  name  of  the  insect  when  necessary, 
See  MS  P. 

9 — 4.     CYPRJEA.     Spec.  118. 

arabicd)  (lettered   porcellane,)  shell  slightly  tur* 

binate,    with    irregular    graphic     characters  ; 

stripe  down  the  back  simple.     3  inches  long. 
argus,  (ocellate  porcellane,)  shells  slightly  turbi- 

nate,    subcylindric,    speckled    with    eye-form 

spots  ;  4  browu  spots  beneath, 


CYPRJEAj    DASYPUS.  177 

tigris,  (tigris  porcellane,)  shell  ovate,  obtuse  be- 
hind and  rounded  before,  ferruginous  with  deep 
brown  spots  and  a  yellowish  longitudinal  dor- 
sal line. 

See  MS.  P 

4 — 4.     CYPRINUS.     Spec.  56. 

barbus,  (barbet,)  anal  fin  7-rayed  ;  cirri  or  beards^ 
4 ;  second  ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  serrate  each  side 

carpio,  (carp,)  anal  fin  9-rayed  ;  cirri  4  ;  second 
ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  serrate  behind. 

tinea,  (tench,)  anal  fin  with  25  rays  ;  tail  entire  ; 
body  mucous  ;  cirri  two.  Weighs  4  to  8  pounds. 

cephalus,  (chub,)  anal  fin  11-rayed  ;  body  nearly 
cylindric.  May  weigh  5  pounds. 

entrains,  (gold-fish,)  anal  fin  double,  placed  like 
the  ventral.  A  Chinese  fish,  kept  in  glass  ves- 
sels in  houses. 

leuri-scus,  (dace.)  anal  fin  10-rayed,  dorsal -fin  9- 
rayed.  6  to  18  inches  long. 

rutilus,  (roach,)  anal  fin  12-rayed,  reddish  ;'  late- 
ral line  bent  down,  having  36  dots, 
See  Mb,  P. 

D. 

9 — 1.     DAGYSA.     Spec.  1. 

notata,  body  marked  at  one  end  with  a  brown  spot, 
3  inches  long. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

1 — 5.     DASYPUS.     Spec.  10. 

tricinctus,  (three- banded  armadillo,)  bands  three> 

moveable  ;  toes  5. 

Remarks.    The  species  are  named  by  prefixing 
the  latin  numeral  expressing  the  number  of  bands 
to  cinctus.     As  4-banded,  6,  7,  8,  9,  12,  18, 
See  MS.  P. 


178  DELPHINUS,  DIDELPHIS. 

1 — 8.    DELPHTNUS.     Spec.  4. 

phocoena,  (porpoise,)  body  subconic  ;  back  broad ; 
snout  bluntish  ;  bluish  above,  white  beneath  ; 
46  teeth  in  each  jaw.  Appear  like  old  stumps 
and  roots  tumbling  in  water. 

ddphis,  (dolphin,)  body  oblong,  roundish  ;  snout 
narrow,  sharp.  Swims  fast.  9  or  10  feet  long, 

area,  (grampus,)  snout  turned  up  ;  teeth  broad,  ser- 
rate.    Var.     Sword  grampus.     Snout  subtrun* 
cate  ;  teeth  pointed. 
See  MS.  P. 

5 — 1.     DENTALIUM.     Spec.  22. 
dephantinum,  (elephant-tooth  shell,)  shell  with  10 
ribs,  slightly  curved,  striate  ;  green  with  dark 
bands,  tip  white. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 1.     DERMESTES.     Spec.  85. 

lardarius,  (leather-eater,  book-eater,)  black,  shell 
cinereous  above.      Larva  oval,  hairy.      Very 
destructive  to  libraries,  museums,  bacon,  &c. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     DERUIS.     Spec.  1. 

sanguined)  body  cylindric,  tapering  to  a  point  be- 
hind ;  palpi  white.     In  sea. 
See  MS.  /J. 

8 — 5.     DIAPERIS.     Spec.  1. 

piolacea,  blackish-blue  ;  antennse  ferruginous  at 
the  tips. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 3.     DIDELPHIS.     Spec.  25. 

opossum,  (american  opossum,)  tail  hairy  near  the 
base  ;  region  of  the  eyebrows  paler ;  teats  5  to 


DIDELPHIS,  DORIS.  170 

7.     Sometimes  the  back  is  dark  broTrn,  belly 
yellowish. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     DIDUS.     Spec.  3. 

ineptus,  (dodo)  black  waved  with  whitish ;  head 
hooded  ;  feet  four-toed.  Three  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     DIODON.     Spec.  3. 

hystrix,  (porcupine  fish)  nearly  spherical ;  spines 
triangular.  Sometimes  conic  with  long  spines. 

See  MS.   P. 

2 — 6.     DIOMEDEA.     Spec.  4. 

cxulans,  (albatrass,  man-of-war)  white  ;  back  and 
wings  with  white  lines  ;  quill-feathers  black. 

See  MS. 

8 — 12.     DIOPSIS.      Spec.  1. 

ichnenmoniu,  (false  ichneumon)  body  reddish ;  an- 
tennse  small,  setaceous ;  thorax  black. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 4,     DIPUS.     Spec.  10. 

canadensis,  (american  jerboa)  fore  toes  4,  hind  ones 
5  ;  tail  longer  than  the  body,  covered  with  bris- 
tles. 

See  MS.  P. 

9—3.     DONAX.     Spec.  19. 

trunculus,  shell  smooth  in  front,  violet  within  5 
margins  crenate. 

See  MS    P. 

9 — 1.     DORIS.     Spec.  24. 

argo,  (dory)  body  oval,   smooth,   with  two  small 
palpi  at  the  mouth  ;  body  red,  with  black  and 
yello\v  dots, 
See  MS.  P. 


180  BRACO,  ELATER. 

3 — 2.    DRACO.     Spec.  i. 

volans,  (flying  dragon)  fore  legs  distinct  from  the 
wings  ;  body  ash-colour. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     DYTISCUS.     Spec.  147. 
marginalis^  (water-beetle)  black  ;  edge  round  the 
thorax  and  outer  margin  of  the  shells  yellow. 
See  Mb  P. 

E. 

4 — 3.     ECHENEIS.     Spec.  3. 
remora,  (sucking-fish,)  tail  forked  ;  head  with  18 
streaks.     12  to  18  inches  long.     Adheres  firm- 
ly to  ships,  &c.  at  one  end,  and  fish,  &c.  at  the 
other. 

See  MS.  P. 

10 — 1.     ECHINUS.     Spec.  109. 

csculentus,  (sea-hedgehog,  sea-urchin,)  subglobu- 
lar  ;  with  ten  avenues  or  pores,  the  spaces  be- 
tween covered  with  small  tubercles  supporting 
the  spines  ;  body  reddish  or  yellowish. 

See  M-     P. 

11 — 2.     EcHiJsoRYNCHus.     Spec.  48. 

gigQS)  (hog- worm,)  clear  white  ;  proboscis  sheath- 
*ed,  having  numerous  rows  of  hooked  prickles  3 
suction  orifices  seven. 

Remarks.  The  species  of  this  genus  are  nam- 
ed, generally,  by  the  genitive  case  of  the  generic 
names  of  the  animals  which  they  inhabit. 

See  M;;.<   P. 

8—5.     ELATER.     Spec.  183. 
tessellatus,  (snap-bug,)  shell  brassy,  with  crowded 
paler  spots  ;  claws  red. 


ELATER,  ENCRIXUS.  181 

stelandicus,   (bronze    snap-bug,)  purple-bronzed, 
\vitb    grey   down  ;    shells    striate,    punctered. 
An  inch  and  a  quarter  long.      Very  common 
about  Troy.     Perhaps  not  the  Danish  seelan 
dicus. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 6.     ELEPHAS.     Spec.  1. 

tnaximus,  (elephant,)  body  cinereous,  seldom  red- 
dish or  white,  very  thickly  set  with  hairs  ;  pro- 
boscis flat  beneath,  tip  truncate.     Often  weighs 
1500  pounds 
See  MS.  P 

4 — 4.     ELOPS.     Spec.  1. 

saurus,  tail  armed  above  and  beneath  ;  tail  deep 
cleft. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     EMBERIZA.    Spec.  6J. 
nivaliS)  (l)unting,)  quill-feathers  white,  the  prima- 
ries black  on  the  outer  edge;  tail  feathers  black, 
the  three  lateral  ones  white. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 12.     EMPIS.     Spec.  29. 

borealis,     black,    with     roundish,     rusty-brown 
wings  ;  wings  large  ;  tail  bifid. 

See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.     ECHELIS.     Spec.  15. 

punctifera,    green,    subcylindric,    obtuse  before* 
pointed  behind.     In  marshes. 
See  MS.  P. 

10 — 1.     ENCRINUS.     Spec.  1. 
(encrinite,)  body  conic  or  eliptical ;  mouth 
16 


182  ENCRINUS,  ESOX. 

in  the  middle  of  the  base  ;  branches  eylindricj 
with  rings.     Common  petrifaction. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     EPHEMERA.     Spec.  21. 

vulgatd)  (ephemera,  day-fly,)  wings  reticulate, 
spotted  with  brown  ;  body  yellowish,  spotted 
with  black  ;  having  three  threads  at  the  end  of 
the  abdomen.  Species  communis  of  some  au- 
thors. It  appears  by  millions,  ascending  and 
descending,  for  a  few  days. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     EQUES.     Spec.  2. 

americanus,  rays  of  the  first  dorsal-fin  elongated  ; 
teeth  smooth  ;  the  floating  vesicles  large. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 6.     EQUUS.     Spec.  6. 

caballus9  (horse,)  hoofs  solid  ;  mane  and  tail  with 
long  flowing  hair. 

liemionus,  (wild  mule,)  hoofs  solid  ;  colour  uni- 
form, no  cross  on  the  back  ;  tail  hairy  at  the 
tip  only. 

asznus,  (the  jack,)  hoof  solid  ;  tail  bristly  at  the 
extremity ;  a  black  cross  on  the  shoulder  of  the 
male. 

•See  MS.  P. 

1—3,     ERINACEUS.     Spec.  6. 

europteus,  (hedgehog,)  ears  rounded  ;  nostrils  with, 
a  loose  flap.  About  ten  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     Esox.     Spec.  15. 

Qsseus,  (bill-fish,  sea-pike,)  upper  jaw  longer  ; 
scales  bony  ;  tail  quadrangular. 


ESOX,    PALCO.  183 

Snipes,  (sea-pike,)  dorsal  fin  in  the  middle  of  the 

back  ;  gill-membrane  five  rayed. 
lucius,   (bill-fish,)  snout  depressed  ;  jaws  neatly 

equal. 

lelonc,  (gar-pike,)  each  jaw  Ions:,  subulate. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     EXOCCBTUS.     Spec.  3. 
Qolitans,  (flying-fish,)  belly  keeled  each  side  ;  flies 
from  wave  to  wave  by  its  pectoral  fins. 
Sez  MS.  P. 

F. 

2 — 1.     FALCO.     Spec.  126. 
Section  A.     Feet  generally  rough. 

inelantftos,  (black  eagle,)  cere  yello w  ;  feet  yellow* 
somewhat  downy  ;  body  rusty-black  with  yel- 
low streaks  ;  outer  part  of  the  tail  white  witit 
blackish  spots.  8  feet  long. 

teucocephalus,  (bald  eagle,)  cere  and  legs  yellow  ; 
legs  somewhat  downy  ;  body  brown  ;  head  and 
tail  white  ;  claws  black.  3  feet  long. 

fiilvus,  (ring  tail  eagle,)  cere  yellow  ;  legs  downy, 
rusty  ;  back  brown  ;  tail  with  a  white  band  ; 
breast  with  a  triangular  spot. 

lagopuS)  (rough- leg  hawk,)  cere,  and  downy  legs, 
yellow  ;  body  black  spotted  with  white  ;  tail 
feathers  white,  black  towards  the  tip.  2  feet 
long. 

(kite,)  cere  yellow  ;  tail  forked  ;  body 
ferruginous  ;  head  whitish.  2  feet  long. 

(bald  buzzard,)  cere  and  feet  blue  ;  body 
brown  above,  white  beneath  ;  head  white.  2 
feet  lonsr. 


184  FALCO, 

Sec.  C.     Legs  naked. 

borealis,  (ainerican  buzzard,)  cere  and  legs  pale- 
yellow  ;  body  brown  above,  white  beneath  ; 
tail  pale  rusty,  with  a  transverse  rusty  bar  near 
the  tip.  20  inches  long. 

palumbanus,  (goshawk,)  cere  black,  edged  with 
yellow  ;  leg*  yellow  ;  body  brown  ;  tail-feath- 
ers with  pale  bands  ;  eyebrows  white.  22 
inches  long. 

gentilis.,  (gentle  falcon,,)  cere  and  legs  yellow  5 
body  cinereous  with  brown  spots  ;  tail  with 
four  blackish  bands.  About  2  feet  long. 

communis,  (common  falcon,)  body  brown  ;  feath- 
ers rusty-edged  ;  tail  with  dark  transverse 
bands  ;  bill  ash-blue  ;  cere,  iris  and  legs,  yel- 
low. Colour  varying  in  different  countries, 

hyemalis,  (winter  hawk,)  cere  yellow  ;  head  and 
back  black  brown  ;  neck  streaked  with  white  : 
breast  and  belly  white  with  heart-spots.  20 
inches  long. 

cyaneiiS)  (hen  harrier,  hen  hawk,)  cere  white ;  legs 
tawny  ;  body  hoary  blue  ;  a  white  arch  over 
the  eyes  surrounding  the  chin  ;  pale-brown 
spots  on  the  hind-head ;  breast  and  belly  white. 
17  inches  long. 

jiiscus,  (american  hawk,)  cere  cinereous;  legs  yel- 
low ;  body  waved  with  black,  <ish-brown  above, 
white  beneath.  14  inches  long. 

dubius)  (ground-coloured  hawk,)  cere  and  legs  yel- 
low ;  head  dusky  with  rusty  streaks  ;  body 
brown  above,  dirty  white  with  brown  streaks 
beneath  ;  tail  dusky-ash  with  four  black  bands. 
10  inches  long. 

obscurus,  (dusky  hawk,)   cere  and  legs  yellow  ; 


FALCO,   FELIS*  185 

hind-head  and  neck  spotted  with  white  ;  body 
dusky-brown  above,  white  with  black  lines  be- 
neath ;  tail  with  4  broad  and  4  narrow  bands, 
tip  white. 

cofambarius,  (pigeon  hawk,)  cere  and  legs  yellow  5 
body  brown,  whitish  beneath  ;  tail  brown  with 
4  white  lines.     10  inches  long 
See  MS.  P» 

11 — 2.     FASCIOLA.     Spec.  46. 

hominis,  (^ourd-worm,  fluke,)  found  in  men  j  flat. 
See  MS.  P. 

1—3.     FELIS.     Spec.  28. 
Section  A.     Tails  long  ;  ears  plain* 

catus,  (cat,,)  tail  with  numerous  rings. 
See  MS,  P. 

Varieties. 

1.  Common  domestic   cat.      Hair  short,    thick  f 
body  small. 

2.  Wild  cat.     Body  with  blackish  stripes  ;  three 
dorsal  lines  longitudinal,  lateral  ones  spiral. 

3.  Angora  cat.     Hair  long,   silvery,  silky,   long- 
est on  the  neck. 

4.  Tortoise-shell   cat.      Variegated  with  black,, 
white  and  orange. 

5.  Blue  cat.     Hair  bluish-grey. 

6.  Red  cat.     A  red  stripe  from  the  head  dow& 
the  back. 

7.  Chinese  cat.     Ears   pendulous  ;  hair  shining, 
variegated  with  black  and  yellow. 

8.  Yellow  cat.       Reddish-yellow   ;    head  long, 
snout  sharp  ;  legs  short,   claws   weak  ;  ears 
round,  flat. 

9.  Madagascar  cat.     Tail  twisted*. 

*16 


186  FEL1S,    FILARIA. 

leoj  (lion,)  body  pale  tawny,  shaggy  ;  long  mane 
on  head  and  neck  ;  tail  bushy  at  the  end.  8 
feet  long. 

tigris,  (tiger,)  body  with  dark  long  transverse 
stripes  on  a  pale-yellow  ground.  12  to  15  feet 
long, 

pardtis,  (panther,)  upper  parts  of  the  body  marked 
with  circular  spots,  lower  with  stripes  on  a 
bright  tawny  ground.  7  feet  long. 

tincia,  (ounce,)  body  whitish,  with  irregular  black 
spots.  3  feet  long. 

leopardtis,  (leopard,)  body  yellow  with  black 
spots,  which  are  nearly  in  contact  3  feet  long. 

pardatis,  (mexican  cat,)  body  striped  above,  spot- 
ted beneath.  4  feet  long. 

concolor,  (brown  tiger,)  body  tawny,  without  spots. 
12  to  15  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

8ec.  B.     Tails  short ;  ears  pencilled  at  the  tips. 

tnontana,  (mountain  lynx,)  ears  upright,  pointed, 
having  two  transverse  streaks  ;  long  narrow 
stripes  on  the  back,  and  numerous  round  spots 
on  the  sides  and  legs.  2  feet  long. 

<rnf<J,  (bay  lynx,)  tail  black-banded  above,  white 
beneath  and  at  the  tip  ;  body  tawny,  spotted 
with  brown  ;  ears  bearded  at  the  tips.  2  feet 
long. 

,  (lynx,)  tail  with  obscure  rings,  black  at  the 
tip  ;  head  and    body  light-tawny,  spotted  with 
black  ;  ears  bearded  at  the  tips.    Size  of  a  fox, 
See  MS.  P. 

1.1—1.     FILAKIA.     Spec.  18. 

medinensis,  ( thread- worm;)  body  entirely  pale- 
yellowish. 


FILARIA,    FRINGILLA.  187 

fapidopterorunij  (butterfly  and  miller  worm,)  tail 
hooked. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     FISTULARIA.     Spec.  3. 

tobdcaria,  (tobacco-pipe.)  tail  bifid,   ending  iu  a 
slender  tapering  whip. 
See  MS.  P 

13 — 2.     FLUSTUA.     Spec.  18. 
faliacea*  (horn- wrack,)  foliaceous,  branched,  witk 
rounded  we;*ge-fbrm  subdivisions. 

See  M*.  P 

8 — 6.     FORFICULA.     Spec.  18. 
auricularta,  (earwig,)  dark  chesnut ;  forceps  curv- 
ed, toothed  at  the  base  j  antennae  with  14  joints* 
See  MS.  P. 

8—9.     FORMICA.     Spec,  70. 

tiercularea,  (black  ant  or  emmet,)  black  ;  abdo- 
men ovate  ;  legs  ferruginous. 

rufa,  (red-leg  ant,)  black  ;  thorax  compressed, 
legs  rufous. 

fusca,  (brown  ant,)  grey-brown,  polished  ;  anten- 
nas and  legs  ferruginous  ;  wings  white. 

rubra,  (red  ant,)  testaceous  ;  eyes  and  dot  under 
the  abdomen  black, 

ctfspitum,  (flying  ant,)  black  ;  petiole   of  the  ab- 
doinen  with  two  tubercles  ;  scutel  two-toothed.. 
Fly  freely  in  fair  weather,  from  beneath  mossy 
hillocks. 
See  MS.  P. 

2—2.     FRINGILLA.     Spec.  112. 

lapponica,  (finch,)  head  black ;  body  grey  and 
black  ;  eyebrows  white  ;  outer  tail  feathers  with, 
a  white  wedge-form  spot.  6  inches  long. 


488  FRINGILLA,    FULICA. 


(chaffinch,)  limbs  black  ;  quill-featberff 
white  on  both  sides,  the  three  first  without  spots, 
two  of  the  tail-feathers  obliquely  white. 

garduelis,  (goldfinch,)  quill-feathers  black,  and 
(except  the  outermost,  marked  with  fine  yellow 
in  the  middle  :  two  outermost  tail-feathers  white 
in  the  middle,  and  the  rest  tipped  with  white. 
Colours  variable. 

linarici)  (little  red  pole,)  brown,  varied  with  grey, 
reddish-  white  beneath  ;  wings  with  a  double 
white  band  ;  crown  and  breast  red.  5  inches 
long. 

I'mota,  (linnet,)  chesnut  brown,  beneath  whitish  5 
wings  with  a  longitudinal  white  band  ;  tail- 
feathers  each  side  edged  with  white.  5  inches 
long. 

dome  stic  a  )  (house-sparrow.)  quill  and  tail-feathers 
brown  ;  body  grey  and  black  ;  wings  with  & 
single  white  band.  6  inches  long. 

znontana,   (tree  sparrow,)   quill   and   tail-feathers 
brown  ;  body  grey  and  black  ;  wings  with  a 
single  white  band.     5  inches  long. 
See  M8.  P. 

8  —  7.     FULGORA.     Spec.  25. 

lanternaria,   (lantern  fly,)  front  extended,   steait  ; 
wing-cases    variegated  ;  wings  each   having  a 
large  ocellate  spot. 
SetMS*  P 

2  —  5.     FULICA.     Spec.  25. 

Moropus,  (moor-ben,)  front  tawny  ;  bracelets  redj 
body  blackish.  14  inches  long. 

novoebpraceiisis,  (gallinule,)  legs  brown  5  crowa 
and  neck  above  olive,  spotted  with  white  ;  back 
brown  j  breast  dirty  yellow.  Size  of  a  quail, 


FULICA,    GASTEROSTEUS.  189 

atra,  (coot,)  front  aesh  colour  ;  bracelets  greenish- 
yellow  ;  body  blackish  ;  feet  pinnate.  15  inches 
long. 
Set  MS.  P. 

11—2.     FURIA.     Spec.  1. 

wfernalis,  (finland  pest,)   thread-form  ;  entering 
under  the  skins  of  animals. 
Sec  MS.  P. 

G. 

4 — 2.     GADUS.     Spec.  23. 

)  (codfish,)  dorsal  fins  three  ;  mouth  beard- 
ed ;  tail  subequal  ;  first  anal  ray  spiuous.  2 
to  4  feet  long. 

(haddock,)   dorsal  fins  three  ;  mouth 
bearded   ;  whitish  ;  tail   forked  ;  upper  jaw 
larger. 
Set  MS.  P. 

2 — 3.     GALBULA.     Spec.  4. 
viridis,  (jacamar,)  tail  wedge-form  :  body  golden- 
green,  rufous  beneath  ;  chin  white. 
Set  MS.  P. 

1 — 3.     GALEOPITHECUS.     Spec.  1. 
volans,  (flying-cat,)  reddish-grey  above,  rose  col- 
our beneath. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     GASTEROSTEUS.     Spec.  13. 

aculeatus,  (stickle-back,)  dorsal  spines  three  : 
gill-covers  large,  silvery  ;  fins  yellowish.  3  in- 
ches long. 

j  (ship-jack,)  dorsal-spines  eight,  connect- 


190  GASTEROSTEUS,    GONIUM. 

ed  by  a  membrane  ;  gill-membrane  7- 
Resembles  a  perch. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 6.     GASTRABRANCHUS.     Spec.  1. 

gcecus,  (hpg-fish,)   glutinous  ;   eight  inches 
worm-like. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     GLAREOLA.     Spec.  3, 

QU&triaca,  (pratincole,)  grey-brown  above  ;  collafr 
black  ;  chin  and  throat  white  ;  breast  and  bel<- 
Jy  reddish-grey.  9  inches  long. 

$ce  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     GLAUCOPIS.     Spec.  I. 

cinercci)  (wattle-bird,)  body,  bill  and  legs  black  t 
tail  long.  15  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     GOBIOMOR&S.     Spec.  4. 

Strigatus,  first  caudal-fin  6-rayed  ;  head  compress- 
ed, yellow.  Taken  from  Gobius. 

$ee  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     GOBIUS.     Spec.  21. 

niger,  (goby,)  second  dorsal-fin  with  14  rays,  6 
inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.     GONIUM.     Spec/  5. 

fectorale,  quadrangular  membrane  pellucid;  with 
sixteen  spherical  molicules  set  in  it. 

See  MS.  P. 


GOMPHORUS,  GRYLLUS. 

4 — 3.     GOMPHGRUS.     Spec.  1. 

head  and  lips  smooth  ;  snout  tubiforfflj 
elongated. 
Set  MS.  P. 

5 — 3.  GORDIUS.  Spec.  5. 
uaticuS)  (hair-snake,)  pale  brown  with  dark  ex- 
tremities. 4  to  10  inches  long.  Whitlows  havfc 
have  been  caused  by  the  bite  of  it.  It  has  been 
supposed  by  the  vulgar  to  be  an  animated  hair, 
accidentally  dropped  into  \vater.  Its  rings  and 
mouth  demonstrate  the  folly  of  the  supposition. 
Set  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     GORGONIA.     Spec.  41. 
,  (red  coral-bush,)  slightly  branched,  with 
compressed  stem  and  branches;  each  with  a  row 
of  florets   along  both  the  margins.     24  inches 
high. 
&v*  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     GRACULA.     Spec.  13. 

.banta,  (grakle,)  greyish  ;  shoulders  blue  ;  quill- 
feathers  outside  green.     13  inched  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 6.     GRYLLUS.     Spec.  251. 

Section  A.  Antennae  setaceous  ;  feelers  unequal; 
thorax  rounded  ;  tail  with  two  bristles.  Crick- 
et family. 

gryllatalpa,  (mole  cricket,)  wings  terminating  in 
slender  tails,  longer  than  the  abdomen  ;  fore- 
feet palmate.  Burrows  in  the  ground  in  gardens* 

domesticus,  (hearth  cricket,)  wings  tailed,  longer 
than  the  wing-cases  ;  body  glaucous^ 


192  GRYLLUS,  lOBMATOPUS. 

campestris,  (field  cricket,)  wings  shorter  than  the 
wing-cases  ;  body  blackish  ;  style  linear. 

Section  B.  Antennas  filiform  ;  feelers  simple; 
tail  simple;  throat  with  a  horn- like  protuber- 
ance. Grasshopper  and  Locust  family. 

migratorius,  (egyptian  locust,)  thorax  of  a  single 
segment,  subcarinate  ;  mandibles  blue  ;  body 
brown,  varied  with  dark  spots;  legs  blue  ;  hind 
thighs  and  shanks  yellowish. 

grassus,  (grasshopper,)  thighs  sanguineous;  wing- 
cases  greenish  ;  antennse  cylindrical. 
-See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     GvMNETRue.     Spec.  1. 

cepedianuS)  pectoral-fins  small ;  upper  jaw  much 
extended  ;  teeth  very  small. 
See  MS.  F. 

4 — 1.     GYMNOTUS.     Spec.  9. 

dectricusi  (electrical  eel,)  naked,  brown,  without 
dorsal-fin  ;  caudal-fin  obtuse  and  joined  to  the 
anal.     3  to  6  feet  long. 
^ee  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     GYUINUS.     Spec.  11. 

natator,  (water-flea,)  oval,  black,  obscurely  striate. 
Plunge  under  water  when  disturbed,  drawing  a 
bubble  resembling  quicksilver  in  appearance. 
See  MS.  P. 

H. 

2 — 5.     HJEMATOPUS.     Spec,  1. 
estralegus,  (sea-pie,  oyster-catcher,)  bill,  eyelids 
and  legs  red  ;  body  black,  sometimes  white  be- 
neath. 
See  MS.  P. 


HALIOTIS,  HELIX.  193 

9 — 4.     HALIOTIS.     Spec.  19. 
tuberculata,  (sea-ear,)  shell  suhovate,  the  outside 
transversely  grooved,  rugged  and  tuberculate. 
4  or  5  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.  HELIX.  Spec,  about  380. 
Remark.  The  following  species  of  the  helix, 
including  the  planorbis  and  lymnasa  sections,  are 
taken  mostly  from  Say  and  Barnes.  They  are 
the  most  common  American  fresh-water  and  shell* 
inarle  species. 

Section  A,     Proper  Helix.    Spire  convex  ;  aper- 
ture wider  than  lung, 

fdbilabris,  (common  snail,  white-lip  snail,)  shell 
thin,  fragile,  convex,  not  perforated  ;  whorls  6, 
obtusely  wrinkled  crosswise,  spirally  striate, 
with  very  fine  lines  ;  aperture  lunate  and  regu- 
larly curved  ;  lip  flat,  white.  About  an  inch 
broad. 

thyroiduS)  (small  white-lip  snail,)  lip  not  flat^ 
white  :,  a  strong  oblique  tooth  on  the  pillar-lip. 
Breadth  about  three-fourths  of  an  inch. 

arboreus,  (dwarf  snail,  bark  snail,)  shell  very  thitu 
fragile,  depressed,  horn-colour,  pellucid;  whorls 
four,  irregularly  wrinkled  crosswise ;  aperture 
sublimated  ;  lip  thin  ;  umbilicus  large  and  deep. 
Breadth  not  the  fourth  of  an  inch.  Often  under 
decaying  bark  of  trees. 

tridentata,  (three-toothed  snail,)  shell  depressed, 

brownish  or  horn-colour  ;  whorls  five,  crossed 

by  numerous  raised,  equi-distaut,  acute  linegf 

separated  by  regular  grooves  ;  aperture  lunate, 

17 


194  HELIX. 

3«  toothed  ;  one  of  the  three  on  the  pillar  lip, 
other  two  on  the  outer  white  lip.  Breadth  about 
half  an  inch. 

alternately  (striped  snail,)  shell  somewhat  convent* 
striped  with  alternating  rays  of  a  light  and 
dark  colour  ;  whorls  five,  crossed  by  equi-dis- 
tant  raised  lines  ;  lip  curved,  with  a  pearly  hue 
within;  umbilicus  large.  Breadth  about  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch. 

glxiphyra,  (shining  snail,)  shell  much  depressed, 
smooth,  pellucid,  thin,  fragile  ;  whorls  five, 
rounded,  obsolete  irregular  cross  wrinkles  ; 
whitish  beneath  ;  umbilicus  middling.  Breadth 
about  half  an  inch. 

Section  B.  FLAT-  ORBED  HELIX,  or  PLANORBJS 
ofBraguieres.  Spire  depressed  or  sunk,  so  as 
not  to  be  raised  above  the  central  plain  of  the 
whole  coil. 


si  (short-tail  snail,)  shell  sinestral  (coiling 
from  left  to  right,  beginning  at  the  tip  of  the 
spire,  when  the  back  of  the  animal  is  upwards,} 
pale  yellow,  .brownish  chesnut;  somewhat  keel- 
ed above  and  beneath,  particularly  in  the  young 
state  ;  whorls  three  or  four,  with  raised,  equi- 
distant, fine  cross  lines  ;  spire  concave  ;  aper- 
ture large,  bluish-  white  within  ;  umbilicus  large. 
•Largest  breadth  about  half  an  inch.  Sometimes 
it  is  a  little  larger,  very  dark  coloured,  with  a 
reddish  mouth  within. 

bicarinatus,  shell  sinistral,  pale  yellow  or  brown- 
ish, somewhat  keeled  above  and  translucent  be- 
neath ;  spire  retuse-umbilicate,  forming  a  cavi- 
ty as  deep  as  that  of  the  base  ;  aperture  large, 


HELIX.  195 

reddish-brown  within  ;  whorls  three,  wrinkled, 
with  minute  revolving  lines.  Largest  breadth 
about  half  an  inch. 

parvus,  (dwarf  short-tail  snail,)  shell  horn-colour 
or  blackish ;  whorls  four,  crossed  by  minute 
wrinkles ;  concave  above  and  beneath  ;  lip 
rounded  ;  mouth  bluish  within.  Breadth  less 
than  the  fourth  of  an  inch. 

Section  C.     TAPERING  HELIX.     LYMN^IA  of  La- 
marck.    Spire  terete,  or  conical. 

catascopius,  (conk  snail,)  shell  thin,  horn-colour- 
ed or  blackish  ;  whorls  4  or  5  ;  the  first  large 
and  swelling,  and  the  remainder  decreasing  ra- 
pidly to  an  acute  apex,  and  are  wrinkled  cross- 
wise ;  aperture  large,  oval,  not  equalling  three- 
fourths  the  length  of  the  shell.  Breadth  about 
half  an  inch,  length  about  three  fourths  of  an 
inch. 

heterostrophus,  shell  sinistral,  subovate,  pale  yel- 
low or  brown  ;  whorls  4,  first  large,  the  other 
tapering  abruptly  to  an  apex  ;  aperture  large, 
somewhat  oval,  three-fourths  equal  to  the  length 
of  th«  shell,  pearly  or  blackish  within,  lips  red- 
dish. About  half  an  inch  broad  and  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  long. 

rinatuS)  shell  with  three  rounded  subcarinate 
whorls,  reticulated  with  striae  ;  suture  deep  ; 
apex  truncate ;  aperture  oval,  equal  to  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  shell.  Length  a  lit- 
tle over  half  an  inch,  breadth  less. 
rginica,  shell  tapering  4,0  the  apex,  and  also  a 
little  towards  the  base  ;  horn  colour,  blackish 
or  olive  ;  tinged  with  green  under  the  epidermis 


190  HELIX,  HIPPOBOSCA. 

or  skin  ;  whorls  7,  crossed  on  the  spire  by  curv 
ed  wrinkles  and  somewhat  on  the  body  ;  aper- 
ture subovate,  about  a  tbird  as  long  as  the  shell. 
Length  about  an  inch,  breadth  more  than  equal 
to  a  third  of  the  length.  A  Buccinium  of 
Gnielin, 

a,  shell  subconic,  with  six  rounded  whorls* 
suture  impressed  ;  olive  or  pale,,  having  three 
reddish-brown  bands  ;  aperture  suborbicular, 
equalling  about  half  the  length  of  the  shell, 
Length  about  an  inch,  breadth  about  two-thirds 
as  much. 

decisa,  shell  subconic,  olive  ;  apex  minute,  whorls 
four,  wrinkled  across  and  banded  with  minute 
distant  strise  ;  terminal  whorl  very  short  ;   su- 
ture impressed ;  aperture  subovate,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  shell  ;  bluish-white  within. 
Length   about   an  inch,  breadth  about  three 
fourths  as  great. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     HEMEROBIUS.     Spec.  4. 

ptilsatorium,  (false  death-watch,)  mostly  wingless  : 
abdomen  oblong  ;  mouth  red  ;  eyes  yellow. 
The  female  makes  a  noise  like  the  ticking  of  & 
watch,  or  like  the  Ptinus  pulsator. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 12.     HIPPOBOSCA.     Spec.  5. 

equine  (horse-fly,)  wings  obtuse  ;  thorax  varie- 
gated ;  feet  armed  with  four  claws  ;  head 
brown  ;  wings  crossing. 

ovina,  (sheep-bug,)  destitute  of  wings  ;  body  dull 
testaceous. 
See  MS,  P* 


IIIRUDO,  HISTEK.  197 

5—3.     HIRUDO.     Spec.  17. 

jnedicinalis,  (doctor's  leech,)  elongated,  olive-black 
with  yellow  ferruginous  lines  above,  and  spot- 
ted with  yellow  beneath. 

sanguisuga,  (blood-sucker,  horse-leech,)  elongated, 
olive-brown,  with  an  ochre-yellow  marginal 
band. 

See   MS.   P. 

2 — 2.     HIKUNDO.     Spec.  38. 

Section  A.     Toes  three  before  and  one  behind. 

rustica,  (swallow,)  front  and  chin  chcsnut ;  tail- 
feathers,  except  the  two  middle  ones,  with  a 
white  spot  ;  bill  black.  6  inches  long. 

urlicd)  (martin  bird,)  bluish-black,  white  beneath  ; 
tail-feathers  without  spots  ;  bill  black  ;  mouth 
yellow.  Five  and  a  half  inches  long. 

riparia,  (sand -bank  martin,  bank  swallow,)  cine- 
reous; chin  and  belly  white;  bill  blackish; 
throat  encircled  with  a  mouse  coloured  ring. 

d)  (chimney  swallow,)  tail-feathers  equal, 
naked  and  subulate  at  the  tip  ;  body  and  bill 
brown  ;  chiu  whitish.  Four  and  a  quarter  in- 
ches long. 

Section  B.     Toes  all  placed  forward. 

apus)  (steeple  swallow,  barn  swallow,)  blackish  ; 

j  chin  white  ;  feet  small,  scaly,  fit  for  walking  ; 
but  adapted  to  clinging  to  walls.  7  or  8  inches 
long.  Is  much  of  its  time  on  the  wing. 

See  M  v  P. 

8 — 5.     HISTER.     Spec.  25. 

tinicolor,  black  ;  shells  obliquely  striate. 

See  MS.  P. 

*17 


198  HOLOCENTRUS,  HOMO. 

4 — 3.     HOLOCENTRUS.     Spec.  1. 
sosO)  having  red  and  yellow  bright  shining  lines, 

Sec  MS.  P. 

10 — 1.     HOLOTHURIA.     Spec.  23. 

pentactes,  with    ten  branching  tentacular  ;    body 
with  live  rows  of  papillae.     Six  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 1.     HOMO.     Spec.  i. 

sapiens,  (man,)  body  mostly  naked  ;  head  covered 
with  hair  or  wool  ;  face  naked  ;  pails  broad. 

Varieties,  more  or  less  permanent, 

Caucasian,  (white  european,)  colour  reddish- white: 
head  oval,  covered  with  hair,  straight,  undulat- 
ed or  curled.  In  disposition  restless,  impatient 
under  restraint,  fond  of  novelty  and  of  change. 
Minds  adapted  to  deep  investigation,  original 
invention,  devotion,  friendship,  benevolence. 

Ethiopian,  (black  negro,)  colour  black  ;  head  ob- 
lique covered  with  wool,  harsh,  curled.  In 
disposition  patient  in  servitude,  sensual,  indif- 
ferent to  novelty  and  change.  Minds  adapted 
to  low  cunning  and  the  pursuit  of  sensual  grati- 
fication ;  mostly  incapable  of  deep  research,  of 
devotion,  friendship  or  benevolence  ;  but  there 
are  many  exceptions. 

Mongolian,  (copper-coloured  indian,)  colour  and 
other  characteristics  intermediate  between  the 
Caucasian  and  Ethiopian.  Head  broad,  hair 
straight.  In  disposition  sensual,  fond  of  roving 
abroad,  sly,  canning,  treacherous.  Somewhat 
qualified  for  research  ;  not  wholly  destitute  of 


HOMO,   HYDKA.  199 

benevolence    and   friendship,    but  mostly  too 
fickle  to  be  entitled  to  confidence. 

Varieties  not  permanent. 

Agarico,  (mushroom  growth,)  thick,  swollen,   all 
parts  unusually  disdented  in  early  life,  and  not 
in  conformity  with  ancestral  lineage. 
Albino,  hair  milk-white  ;  skin  of  a  deathly  white  ; 
eyes  weak    and  tremulous.      This   variety  is 
common  to  the  three  permanent  varieties,  and  its 
peculiarities  are  not  hereditary. 
Remarks.     The  three  primitive  varieties  are 
intermixed  in  all  proportions.     But  in  some  coun- 
tries they  remain  distinct  through  many   genera- 
tions.     The  Egyptian  mummies  appear  to  have 
been  Mongolians  ;  therefore  the  present  variety 
seems  to  have  remained  unchanged  three  thousand 
years.     We  find    hut   few  specimens  of  either  of 
the  three  varieties,  in  perfection  in  North  Ameri- 
ca.    Most  negroes   of  the  Northern  states  have 
lost  chiefly  their  primitive  Ethiopian  character; 
and  many  European  Caucasians  seem  to  partake 
of  the  characteristics  of  the  three  varieties. 
See  MS.  P. 

13—1.     HYDRA.     Spec.  5. 

i  (green  jelly,)  tentacular  about  ten,  shorter 
than  the  body.  Appears  like  a  drop  of  green  jel- 
ly on  the  under  surface  of  plants  in  water  when 
at  rest,  but  is  linear  and  fixed  at  one  end  when 
in  action,  with  its  tentaculse  extended,  lu  fresh 
water. 
See  MS.  P. 


200  IIYDRACHNA,  HYSTRIX. 

8 — 5.     HYDUACHNA.     Spec.  49. 
globator,  (water  spider,)  body  globular,  with  red 
eyes. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     HYDROPHILUS.     Spec.  31. 

piceus,  (water-clock^)  glossy-black;  sternum  chan- 
nelled with  a  long  spine  pointing  backwards. 

scaraboideS)  (beetle  Avater-bug,)black;  shell  striatet 
legs  piceus. 
tiec  MS.  P. 

3 — 3.     HYDUUS.     Spec.  1. 

hydrvphiS)  (water- serpent,)  head  small,  furnished 
with  large  plates. 

Sec  Mb.  P. 

1 — 6.     HIPPOPOTAMUS.     Spec  1, 
amphibius,   (river-horse,)    feet   four-lobed  ;    skin 
thick,  dark,  almost  naked  ;  teeth  very  white  ; 
tail  short,  naked. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 6.     HYRAX.     Spec.  2. 

capensis,  nails  of  the  fore  feet  flat,  of  the  hind  feet 
subulate,  single. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 4.     HYSTRIX.     Spec.  5. 
dorsata,  (american  porcupine,)  rusty-brown  ;  tail 
middling  length,  not  prehensile ;  hind  feet  five- 
toed  j  spines  on  the  upper  part  of  the  head; 
back  and  tail  only.     Var.  white, 
See  MS.  P. 


ICHNEUMON,  KURTUS,  201 

I. 

8 — 9.     ICHNEUMON.     Spec.  492. 

lunator,  (american  ichneumon,)  varied  with  black 
and  yellow  ;  abdomen  clavate,  with  yellow  lu~ 
nules  each  side  ;  sting  twice  as  long  as  the  bo- 
dy. Deposites  its  eggs  in  the  perforated  body 
of  the  larva  of  other  insects. 
See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     Isis.     Spec.  6. 

entrocha,  (entrochite  coral,)  stem  testaceous,  round; 
pentagonal,  with  orbicular  perforated  joints 
and  whorled  dichotomous  branches.  It  is 
found  living  in  the  ocean  and  in  the  fossil  state, 

asteria,  (star-stone,)  stem  testaceous,  jointed,  pen- 
tagonal ;  branches  whorled. 
See  MS.   P. 

8 — 1.     JULUS.     Spec.  14. 

ovatus,  (round  decipede,)  legs  ten  each  side. 
terrestris,  (round   centipede,)    legs  one  hundred 

each  side  ;  body  polished,  blackish. 
subulosci)  legs  one  hundred  and  twenty  each  side, 
rnaximus,   legs  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  each 

side ;  body  brown. 
See  MS.  P. 

K. 

4 — 2.     KURTUS.     Spec.   1. 
head  large,  compressed,   obtuse  ;   back 
spotted  ;  pectoral  and  ventral  fins  yellow  edged 
with  red. 

Bee  MB.  P. 


202  LABRUS,    LAMPYRIS. 

L. 

4  —  3.     LABRUS.     Spec.  71. 

tinea,  (old  wife,)  upper  jaw  turned  up  ;  tail  round- 
ed. 
See  MS.  P. 

3  —  2.     LACERTA.     Spec.  72. 
Sec.  A.      Tail  two-edged. 

crocodilus,  (crockodile,)  head  armed  ;  nape  keel- 
ed ;  tail  above  with  two  lateral  crests.  18  to 
25  feet  long. 

Alligator,  (alligator,)  head  flat,  imbricate  ;  tail 
above  with  two  rough  lateral  lines. 

Sec.  B.     Body  covered  with  carinate  scales. 
limaculata,   (lizard,)  tail  carinate,  toothed,  twice 

as  long  as  the  body  ;  all  the  toes  lobate. 
monitor,  (lizard,)  tail   carinate  ;   body  unarmed, 

with  ocellate  spots.    Green,  checked,  cinereous 

or  blue. 

Sec.  C.     Feet  5  -toed,  tail  round. 
chameleon,  (chameleon,)   head  flat  ;  body  cinere- 
ous or  white.     Colour  changeable. 

Sec.  D.     Collar  double  ;  abdominal  scales  square. 

agilisj  (scaly  lizard,)    tail  whorled,  longish,  with 
sharp  scales  ;  collar   scaly  beneath.     Green; 
brown,  bluish,  speckled. 
See  MS.  P. 

8  —  5,     LAMPYRIS.     Spec.  52. 

ftoctiluca,  (glow-worm,)  oblong,  brown  ;  shield 
cinereous.  The  female  is  the  largest,  and  emits 
a  bright  phosphoric  light, 


See  MS.  p. 


LAPLISTA,    LARUS.  203 

9 — 1.     LAPLISIA.      Spec.  2. 

depilans,  (sea-hare,)  body  pale  lead-colour,  with- 
out spots.     Two  to  five  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 3     LANGAYA.     Spec.   1. 

nazuta,  head  furnished  with  large  plates  ;  mouth 
long,  pointed. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     LANIUS.     Spec.  43. 

canadensis,  (shrike,)  tail  wedgeform  ;  head  crest- 
ed ;  body  reddish,  whitish  beneath.  8  inches 
long. 

evccubitor,  (great  shrike,)  tail  wedgeform,  white  at 
the  sides  ;  back  hoary  ;  wings  black  with  white 
spots. 

americanus,  (american  shrike,)  black  ;  spot  on  the 
first   quill-feather,    cheeks   and   chin   white   : 
breast  and  belly  cinereous. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     LARUS.     Spec.  15. 
Sec.  A.     Nostrils  without  a  cere. 

tridactiluS)  (tarrock  gull,)  back  whitish  ;  quill- 
feathers  white  ;  hind-toe  unarmed. 

canus,  (common  gull,)  white  ;  back  hoary  ;  pri- 
mary quill-feathers  black  at  the  ends,  the  fourth 
and  fifth  with  a  black  spot  at  the  tip,  the  outer 
black  without. 

marinus,  (black-back  gull,)  white  with  a  black 
back. 

fuscus)  (herring  gull)  white,  with  a  brown  back  ; 
legs  yellow. 


204  LArUS,    LEPTOCEPHALUS. 

Sec.  B.     Nostrils  covered  with  a  cere, 
parasiticus,  (arctic  gull,)  two  middle  tail-feathers 

very  long 

crepidatus,  (black-toed  gull,)  varied  with  dirty- 
white  and  brown,   pale  beneath  ;  two  middle 
tail-feathers  a  little  longer.     16  inches  long. 
cataracteS)  (skua-gull,)  greyish  ;  quill   and  tail- 
feathers  white  at  the  base  ;  tail  sub-equal. 
See  M8.  P. 

1—2.     LEMUR.     Spec.  13. 

volans,  (flying  cat,)  tailed  ;  surrounded  by  a  mem- 
brane formed  for  flying. 
See  MS.  P 

9—2.     LEPAS.     Spec.  32. 

intertexta,  (acorn -shell,)  subdepressed  ;  valves 
imbricate  and  obliquely  striate.  Adhering  to 
oysters,  &c. 

titinnabulum,  shell  conic,  obtuse,  bellform,  rug- 
ged ;  fixed  to  bottoms  of  ships,  &c.  purplish 
and  bluish. 

anatifera,  (duck  barnacle,)  shell  compressed,  five- 
valved,  smooth,  seated  on  a  peduncle.    In  clus- 
ters on  ships'  bottoms,  &c.     Bluish-white. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 2.     LEPISMA.     Spec.  7. 

saccharine,  (sugar  lepisma,)  scaly,  silvery,  lead- 
colour,  with  a  tripple  tail.  Runs  swiftly.  Of- 
ten found  in  sugar. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     LEPTOCEPHALUS.    Spec.  1. 
morrisini,  (morris,)  body  almost  transparent ;  dor- 
sal fins  low   and  thin,    extending    the  whole 
length  of  the  back.     4  inches  long. 

Set  MS.  P. 


LEPTURA,    LIBELLULA.  205 

8 — 5.     LEPTURA.     Spec.  126. 
-aquatica,  (wood-beetle,)  hind-thighs  two-toothed  ; 
shells  shining  green  ;  hind-shanks  five  toothed, 

See  MS    P. 

1 — 4.     LEPUS.     Spec.  15. 

timidus,    (hare,)  tail  short  ;  ears  black  at  the  tip, 

longer  than  the  head  ;  body  whitish,  brownish, 

or  straw-colour. 
americanus,  (rabbit,  american   hare,)  tail  short ; 

hind-legs  half  as  long-again  as  the  body  ;   tips 

of  the  ears  and  tail  grey. 
cuniculus,  (rabbit,)  tail  short,  nearly  the  colour 

of  the  body ;  ears  black  at  the  tip  ;  hind-legs 

shorter  than  the  body  ;  grey,   black,   or  white,, 

with  red  eyes. 

See  MS    P. 

11 — 1.     LERNJEA.    Spec.  15. 

branchialis)  (codfish- worms,)  body  round,  flexu- 
ose  ;  mouth  lateral,  seated  between  three  slight- 
ly branched  horns.  About  2  inches  long.  Ott 
the  gills  of  codfish. 

See  MS.   P. 

14—2.     LENCOPHIA.     Spec.  8. 
noduldta^  (worm-eater,)  oblong-ovate,  depressed, 
with  a  double   row  of  tubercles.      In   angle- 
worms. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     LIBELLULA.     Spec.  56. 
Section  A.     Wings  expanded  when  at  rest. 

quadrimaculatd)  (dragon-fly,)   lower  wings  at  the 
base,  and  all  in  the  middle  on  the  fore  part? 
18 


206  LIBELLULA,  LONCHUUUS. 

with  a  blackish    spot  ;    abdomen    depressed 

downy. 

depressa,  all  the  wings  blackish  at  the  base. 
vulgata,  wings  hyaline  without   spots  ;  abdomen 

cylindric  rufous. 
vulgatissima,  thorax  yellow  with  8  black  streaks. 

Section  B.     Wings  erect  when  at  rest. 
virgn,  wings  coloured  ;  body  greenish-blue,  silky 

or  green. 

pudla>  wings  hyaline,   not   coloured  ;  body  red, 
spotted,  blue,  cinereous  or  blueish-green. 
See  MS.  P. 

11 — 2.     LIGULA.     Spec.  2. 

abdominalis,  (fish-worm,)  pale-ash,  broad.     From 
6  inches  to  5  feet  long.  In  the  intestines  offish. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     LIMAX.     Spec.  15. 

ater,  (black  slug,  naked   snail,)  body  black  and 
furrowed   with  deep  wrinkles.      From  one  to 
five  inches  long.     Crawls  slowly  leaving  a  sli- 
my track. 
maximus,  (large  slug,)  body  cinereous,   with  or 

without  spots.     4  or  5  inches  long. 
agrestis,  (field  slug,)   body  whitish  ;  with   black 
antennae.     Half  an  inch  long, 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     LOBARIA.     Spec.  1, 

quadrilobd)  tail  with  four  lobes. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     LONGHURUS.     Spec.  1. 

barbatus,  brown,  with  two  cirri  under  the  chin  : 
body  brown.     About  ten  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P, 


LOPHIUS,  LUMBRICUS,  207 

4 — 5.     LOPHIUS.     Spec.  8. 

y,  (fishing-frog,  angler,)  body  depressed  j 
head  rounded.     Sometimes  seven  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     LORICARIA.     Spec.  2. 

cvtaphracta,  (harness  fish,)  dorsal  fin  single  ;  cirri 
two  ;  tail  forked,  with  one  bristle-form  ray. 
See  MS.  P. 


2—2.     LOXIA.     Spec.  100. 

curvirostra,  (crossbill,)  mandibles  crossing  each 
other  ;  body  varying  in  colour ;  wings  and 
forked  tail  brown.  6  inches  long. 

pyrrhuld)  (bullfinch,)  cinereous  ;  head,  wings  and 
tail  black;  coverts  of  the  tail  and  hindmost  quill- 
feathers  white.  Black  or  white.  6  inches  long, 

abscura,  (dusky  grosbeak,)  middle  of  the  throat 
and  double  band  on  the  wing-coverts  white  ; 
quill- feat  hers  green;  flanks  white,  spotted  with 
brown. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—5.     LUCANUS.     Spec.  27. 
cervus,  (stag  beetle,)  jaws   exsert,  forked  at  the 
tip,  a  small  branch  near    the   middle    within. 
Larva  fat  whitish,   with  ferruginous  head  and 
legs. 
bee  MS.  P. 

12 — 1.     LUCKRNARIA.     Spec.  3. 
finadricornis,  body  long,  coiled,  with  four  forked 
arms,  tentaculate  at  the  tip  ;  no  head  or  eyes. 
See  MS.  P 

5 — 3.     LUMBUICUS.     Spec.  16. 
terrestris,  (angle-worm,  earth-worm,  dew-worm,) 


$08  LUTRA,  MADREPORA. 

body  red,  with   eight  rows  of  prickles  which 
are  invisible  to  the  naked  eye  ;  140  rings  with 
four  pair  of  prickles  to  each. 
See  MS.  P. 

i  —  3.     LUTRA.     Spec.  8. 

canadensis,  (otter,)  hind  feet  palmate;  black  ;  fur 

smooth  ;  tail  long,  tapering. 
CWnmuntS)  (common  otter,)  hind  feet  palmate,  na- 

ked ;  tail  half  as  long  as  the  body  ;  fur  deep 

brown  ;  whiskers  large  ;  ears  short  5  feet  five- 

toed.     2  feet  long. 
See  MS,  P. 


M. 

i  —  3.    MACHOPUS.     Spec.  3. 

inajor9  (kangaroo,)  tail  long,  thick  ;  hind  feet  three 
times  as  long  as  the  fore  feet  ;  three-toed. 
See  MS.  P. 

4  —  3.     MACROURUS.     Spec.  i. 
mpestris,  dorsal  fins  two,  the  first  ray  of  the  first 
fin  toothed  backward.     Three  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

9—3.     MACTRA.     Spec.  16. 
solida,  shell  opake,  smoothish,  sub-antiquated, 
lutraria,  shell  oblong-oval,  smooth,  without  late- 
ral teeth.     Resembles  a  Mya. 

See  MS.  P. 

13  —  2.     MADREPORA.     Spec.  118. 
Section  A.     Composed  of  a  single  star. 

turbinata,  (stone  knot,)   turbinate,  sessile,  with  a 
a  hemispherical  concave  star.     Found  fossil* 


MADUEPORA,  MASTODON*         209 

c.ornutci)  (stone  horn,)  turbinate,  elongated,  curv- 
ing  towards  one  side.  From  half  an  inch  to 
two  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base  and  tapering 
upwards  to  a  point.  Found  fossil. 

Section  B.      Composed  of  numerous  stars. 

phrygia,  with  long  narrow  undulations,  and  per- 
pendicular prominent  ones  ;  stars  confluent  ; 
partitions  simple,  lamellate,  lobulate  ;  laminae 
rather  remote.  Found  both  recent  and  fossil. 

porites,  (fungus-stone,)  slightly  branched  ;    stars 
separate,  crowded  ;  composite,  rough.     White 
or  grey  ;  branches  clavate,  very  obtuse.  Found 
recent  and  fossil. 
Stc.   Mo   P. 

1  —  5.     HANTS.     Spec.  2. 

pentadqctyla,  (scaly  ant-eater,)  feet  five-toed,  6 
or  8  feet  long. 

See  M6.  P. 

8  —  6.     MANTIS.     Spec.  64. 

calamus,  (walking  slir.k,)  body  filiform,  cylindric- 

al, apterous,    greenish  ;  thighs  striate  ;  anten- 

nae yellowish. 
ftispinosa,  winged-stick,  spectre,)  thorax  roundish, 

with  two  spines  on  the  fore    part  ;  wing-ca&es 

very  short  ;  wings  rose-colour. 
See  MS.  P. 


1  —  6.     MASTODON,     Spec.  2. 

giganteum,  (extinct,)  the  truncate  ends  of  the  teeth 

are  rhombic  or  diamond-form. 
fingustidens,  (extinct,)  ends  of  the  teeth 

ed,  or  like  the  club-spot  on  cards. 
See  MS.  P. 


210  MEDUSA,    MERGUS. 

12 — 2.     MEDUSA.     Spec.  45. 
cruriata,  (crossed  jelly,)  body  marked  with  a  milk- 
white  cross,  jelly-like,  transparent,  surrounded 
at  the  margin  with  fine  fibres. 

See  M*.  P. 

1 — 5.     MEGATHERIUM.     Spec.  2. 
americanum,  (extinct,)  occiput  elongated,  flatten- 
ed,   convex   above  the   eyes;  whole  forefoot 
touches  the  ground. 
See  MS.  P 

2 — 4.     MELEAGRIS.     Spec.  2. 

gallipavo,  (turkey,)  front  and  chin  carunculated  ; 
breast  (of  the  male,)  tufted.  Three  and  a  half 
feet  long.  Found  wild  in  many  parts  of  this 
country.  When  domesticated  it  varies  inuch 
in  colour. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     MELCB.     Spec,  about  60. 

pensylvanica,  (black  Spanish  fly,)   entirely  black, 

opake. 
vesicatoria,  (spanish-fly,)  green  ;  antennas   black. 

On  ash  and  elder  trees.    CANTHARIS  of  Olivier. 

LYTTA  of  Fabricius.      See  Latreille,  p.  816* 

and  on. 
See  JUS,  P. 

2 — 6.     MERGUS.     Spec  10. 
merganser,  (goosander,)  subcrested  ;.  white;  head, 
neck,  upper  part  of  the  breast  and  wings  glossy- 
black  ;  tail  cinereous. 

castor,  (dun-diver,)  crested,  cinereous  ;  head  and 
upper  part  of  the  neck  bay  ;  chin,  middle  quill- 
feathers  and  belly  white.     Two  feet  long, 
See  MS.  P. 


MEROPS,  MONOPTERUS. 


2  —  2.     MEROPS,     Spec.  26. 
apiaster,  (bee-eater,)  back  ferruginous  ;  belly  and 
tail  bluish  -green  ;  two  of  the  tail-feathers  lon- 
ger ;    chin    pale-yellow  ;    bill   black  ;   crown^ 
hind-head  and  neck  bay. 
See  MS,  P. 

13  —  2.     MILLEPORA.     Spec.  34. 

polymorpha,  (common  coral,)    crustaceous,  solid, 
irregularly  shaped,  but  generally  branched  and 
tuberculatej  and  without  visible  pores. 
See  MS.  P. 

2  —  2.     MOMOTUS.     Spec.  1. 

brasiKensis,  (motniot,)  green  ;  front  bluish-green  ; 
hind-head  violet  ;  crown  black. 
See  MS.  P. 

14  —  2.     MONAS;     Spec.  5. 

lens,  transparent,  with  sometimes  a  greenish  mar- 
gin ;  a  mere  round  pellucid  dot 

See  MS.  P. 

6—2.     MONOCULUS.     Spec.  68. 

Cyclops,  (horse-foot,)  shell  convex  with  three  lines 

of  raised  spines  ;  tail  very  long  and  unarmed. 

Sue  MS;  P. 

1—8.     MONODON.     Spec,  1. 
tnonoceros,  (narwal,)skin  white,  spotted  with  black 
on  the  back;  no  dorsal  fin,  two  small  pectoral 
ones.     18  to  40  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4  —  1.     MONOPTERUS.     Spec.  1. 

noioptcrus,  silvery  with  a  cilt  hue  :  fins  pale  ash. 

See  MS.  P. 


212  MORBKLLA,    MOTACILLA. 

8 — 5.     MORDELLA.     Spec.  34, 

$culeata,  tail  ending  in  a  short  point ;  body  black* 
without  spots. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.     MORMYRUS.     Spec.  3. 

anguilloides,  tail  bifid,  obtuse  ;  dorsal  fin  with  63 
rays. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 7.     MOSCHUS.     Spec.  6. 

moschiferxs,  (musk,)  a  musk-bag  near  the  naval: 
tail  short;  fur  soft,  blackish-brown  and  white. 
Two  and  a  half  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     MOTACJLLA.     Spec.  200. 

luscina,  (nightingale,)  rufous-ash,  white-ash  be- 
neath ;  tail-feathers  rufous-brown ;  bracelets 
cinereous.  6  inches  long.  Sings  from  April 
till  fall. 

modidaris^  (hedge-sparrow,)  above  grey-brown ; 
wing-coverts  tipped  with  white  ;  breast  bluish- 
ash.  Five  and  a  half  inches  long.  Sings  all 
winter. 

albd)  (tipe-up?  wagtail,)  breast  blackish .;  two  late- 
ral tail-feathers  obliquely  half  white.  Some- 
times whitish  and  cinereous.  About  7  inches 
long. 

rubicola,  (robin-redbreast,)  grey ;  throat  and  breast 
ferruginous. 

troglodytes,  (wren,)  grey;  eyebrows  white  ;  wings 
waved  with  black  and   cinereous  ;    bill   darfe* 
brown.     Three  and  a  half  inches  long, 
.»*  MS.  P. 


MUGIL,  MUS.  213 

4 — 4.     MUGIL.     Spec.  5. 
(mullet,)  first  dorsal  fin  5-rayed. 

See  Mb.  P. 

4 — 3.     MULLUS.     Spec.  6. 

surmuletus,  (surmullet,)  cirri  two  ;  body  with  four 
longitudinal  yellow  lines.     From  6  to  24  inches 
long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     MUR^NA.     Spec.  8. 
ophis,  (spotted  sea-serpent,  snake-eel,)  body  slen- 
der, spotted  ;  tail  round,   spear-form,   naked. 
8  to  4  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.     MUREX.     Spec.  182. 

tribulus,  (thorny  woodcock,)  shell  ovate  with  a 
tripple  row  of  setaceous  spines  ;  beak  elongat- 
ed, subulate,  with  spines, 

erinaceous,  (hedgehog  oyster,)  shell  subangular  j 
whorls  crowned  with  tubular  and  subspinous 
raised  scales  or  points  ;  beak  short  and  covered, 

See  MS.    P. 

1 — 4.     Mus.     Spec.  46. 

zibethecus,  (musk  rat,)  tail  long,  compressed,  lan- 
ceolate ;.  .feet  cleft.  A  foot  long. 

decumanus,  (norway  rat,  dock  rat,)  tail  very  long, 
scaly  ;  body  bristly,  grey  above,  whitish  be- 
neath. Body  nine  inches  long,  tail  seven.  Tail 
lias  about  200  rings. 

rattus,  (black  rat,  ship  rat,)  tail  very  long,  scaly  ; 
body  black,  hoary  beneath.  Eight  inches  long  5 
tail  same  length. 


214  MUS,    MUSCA. 

americanus,  (american  rat,)  tail  long,  scaly;  head 
long ;  nose  pointed  ;  upper  jaw  longest  ;  ears 
large,  naked.  About  8  inches  long,  or  smaller. 

tnusculuS)  ( house-  mouse,)  tail  long,  naked  is  h  ;  fore- 
feet four-toed,  hind  feet  five-toed,  thumb  with- 
out a  claw.  '6  inches  long. 

sylvaticus,  (field-mouse,)  tail  long,  scaly  ;  body 
yellowish-brown,  white  beneath,  breast  yellow- 
ish.  Var.  albus,  entirely  white. 

inessorius,  (harvest  mouse,)  tail  long,  scaly  ;  body 
rusty-brown,  belly  white,  colours  divided  by 
a  straight  line. 

Vifginianus,  (pasture  mouse,)  tail  all  hairy,  thick 
at  the  base,  long,  tapering  ;  body  whitish  or 
white,  nose  black. 

Qmphibws,  (water  rat,)  tail  middle  length  ;  ears 
hardly  above  the  fur  ;  feet  three- toed,  with  the 
appearance  of  a  fourth.  Sometimes  hind  feet 
five-toed.  Dark  or  blackish.  Body  7  inches 
long,  tail  three. 

See  MS.   P. 

8 — 12.     MUSCA.    Spec,  about  530. 

domestica,  (house-fly,)  with  two  short  feelers  ; 
sucker  with  a  single  bristle  without  sheath  j 
hairy,  black  ;  thorax  with  five  pale  lines  ;  ab- 
domen tessilate,  pale  at  the  base  beneath. 

cadtfverin(i)  (carrion  eater,)  body  polished  ;  thorax 
blue  ;  abdomen  green.  Feelers  and  suckers 
like  domestica. 

mortuorum,  (death  fly,  epidemic  fly,)  thorax  black; 
abdomen  green  bronze  ;  legs  black  ;  thorax 
with  a  few  faint  lines.  Feelers  and  suckers 
like  domestica, 


MUSCAf    MYA.  215 

futris,  (maggot  fly,)  black  ;  wings  white  with  a 
black  rib.  Feelers  and  suckers  like  domestica. 
Deposits  eggs,  which  become  the  common  white 
skipper. 

&e   M:x   P. 

2 — 2.     MUSCICAPA.     Spec.  97. 

striata,  (fly-catcher,)  green-ash  ;  back  streaked 
with  black,  yellowish  beneath  ;  chin  and  sides 
of  the  neck  spotted  with  brown  ;  three  outer- 
most tail-feathers  tipped  with  white.  5  inches 
long. 

canad'ns^S)  (northern  fly-catcher,)  cinereous,  pale- 
yellow  beneath  ;  lores  yellow  ;  crown  spotted 
with  black.  4  inches  long. 

Btra,  (bee-catcher,)  olive-ash  ;  breast  cinereous  ; 
belly   whitish-yellow   ;    head,  tail  and   quill- 
feathers  black,  the  secondaries  at  the  edge  and 
outmost  tail-feathers  on  the  outer  webs  white. 
See  MS.  P. 

"8 — 9.     MUTILLA.     Spec.  38. 
ffuropea,  (wingless  fly,)  black  ;    thorax  rufous  ; 
segments  of  the  abdomen  with  white  margins. 
Stt  MS.  P. 

9 — 3.     MYA.     Spec,  about  60. 

Remarks.  This  genus  and  Mytilus  have  been 
cut  up  into  several  new  genera.  Unio  is  the  prin- 
cipal genus  taken  from  Mya.  Masmadonta,  Mo- 
nodonta,  &c.  are  proposed.  But  the  unsettled 
state  of  the  numerous  proposed  subdivisions,  even 
among  some  of  the  best  zoologists  of  our  times; 
demonstrates  the  absurdity  of  the  modern  rage  for 
innovation.  Perhaps  future  naturalists  will  fix 
the  boundaries  of  these  subdivisions  on  definite 


216  MYA. 


S&J.U  J»i  X  A» 

grounds  ;  it  will  then  be  early  enough  to  adopt 
them.  I  have  retained  the  original  name,  and 
made  sections  of  the  genera,  which  appear  to  be 
unsettled. 

All  the  species,  here  described,  are  found  in 
our  fresh  waters,  excepting  the  first.  Taken 
from  Say  in  Nicholson,  and  Barns  in  Silliman. 

Sec.  A.     Shell  without  cicatrices, 
margaritiferci)  (false  pearl  oyster,)  shell  ovate,  a 
little  contracted  in  the  middle  of  the  thinner  mar- 
gin ;  primary  tooth  of  the  hinge  conic  ;  protu- 
berant part  near  the  hinge  decorticated. 

Sec.  B.  Shell  with  three  deep  cicatrices.  Shell 
transverse  ;  hinge  with  a  strong  irregular  tooth 
and  two  lateral  ones.  UNIO  of  JBruguieres. 

cornutd)  (horned  muscle,)  shell  sub-spheroidal,  di- 
vided longitudinally  by  a  regular  row  of  large 
distant  tubercles.  Shell  thick,  rounded  behind  j 
cardinal  teeth  furrowed  ;  pearly-white  and  irri- 
descent  within.  Dimensions  an  inch  and  three- 
fourths  by  an  inch  and  a  half. 

verrucosd,  (warted  muscle,)  shell  subtruncate  be- 
fore, irregularly  tubercled  ;  the  tubercles  trans- 
versely compressed  :  brownish-red  within.  Sub- 
quadrangular,  thick,  rounded  behind  ;  beaks 
elevated  and  recurved  ;  cardinal  teeth  crenate 
or  furrowed  ;  cavity  of  the  beaks  deep.  Di- 
mensions about  two  inches  by  one  and  two 
thirds. 

nodosa,  shell  subquadrangular,  emarginate  before, 
knotted,  ri^gy,  corrugated  ;  lateral  tooth  ter- 
minating abruptly  ;  shell  thick  and  heavy  ; 
beaks  distant,  eroded  ;  hinge  margin  straitish  5 


MYA. 

epidermis  horn- colour  ;  surface  irregularly  cor* 
rugated  and  tubercled  ;  tubercles  largest  near 
the  center  of  the  disk,  and  often  eroded  ;  car- 
dinal teeth  furrowed  and  crenulated  ;  lateral 
teeth  short,  thick,  crenate.  Dimensions  three 
inches  by  two  and  a  half. 

tuberculata,  shell  long-ovate,  surface  corrugated^ 
undulate-tubercied,  ribbed  ;  disks  compressed^, 
base  falcate  ;  shell  thick  and  rugged  ;  beaks 
flat  near  the  posterior  end  ;  hinge-margin  strait- 
ish  ;  epidermis  dark  brown  or  horn-colour  ; 
elongated  tubercles  are  thickly  scattered  over 
the  surface  ;  cardinal  teeth  crenated,  lateral 
ones  long  and  striated  ;  pearly  white,  with  ir- 
regular greenish  spots  within.  Dimensions 
about  four  inches  by  two  and  a  fourth. 

mgosdi  shell  broad-ovate  ;  surface  wrinkled  tu- 
berculated,  ribbed,  undulated  ;  disks  swelled  ; 
base  falcate  ;  shell  compressed  and  thin  before ; 
beaks  slightly  elevated  ;  hinge-margin  com- 
pressed, keeled  ;  epidermis  dark  brown,  pearly 
white  under  it ;  surface  rough  and  scaly,  wrink- 
led transversely  and  undulated  lengthwise. 
Dimensions  two  inches  and  a  quarter  by  three. 

crassa,  (thick-shell  muscle,)  shell  varying  in  form 
and  surface,  very  thick  and  heavy  ;  epidermis 
liorn-colour,  different  shades  of  brown  and 
black  ;  beaks  carious,  often  much  eroded,  pure 
pearly  or  silvery  white.  Dimensions  some- 
times four  and  a  half  inches  by  three. 

purpurea,  (purple  muscle,)  shell  suboval,  and 
somewhat  compressed  ;  smaller  wrinkles  be- 
tween larger  ;  colour  dark- brown  ;  beaks  cari- 
ous, not  prominent,  near  to  one  end  ;  often  wax- 
yellow  under  the  epidermis ;  reddish  purple 
19 


318  MYA. 

within,  varied  with  green  ;  no  cavity  under  the 
beak.  Dimensions  two  and  a  half  inches  by 
one  and  two  thirds. 

ovata,  shell  but  middling,  suhovate,  convex,  not 
remarkably  thick,  horn-colour,  not  radiated, 
flattened  and  fuscous  on  the  anterior  margin  : 
beaks  decorticated  and  placed  nearer  central  ; 
boss  prominent  ;  pearly  within  ;  cavity  of  the 
beak  capacious  ;  primary  teeth  very  oblique, 
almost  parallel  to  the  posterior  margin  and 
much  compressed.  Dimensions  four  inches  by 
three. 

cariosa,  shell  but  middling  thick,  long  forward, 
short  back  of  the  beaks  ;  olive-green,  sometimes 
radiated  with  green  and  with  interrupted  wrink- 
les in  longitudinal  rous  ;  beaks  somewhat  pro- 
mine.nt,  distant,  carious,  wax-yellow  beneath  the 
epidermis  ;  concavity  bluish-white  ;  teeth  often 
subconic  and  crenate.  Dimensions  two  inches 
and  a  quarter  by  one  and  a  half. 

ochrocea,  shell  thin,  fragile,  translucent,  suhovate  : 
hinge  margin  straitish  ;  pale-olive  or  orange  ; 
often  with  green  wrinkled  radii  ;  anterior  mar- 
gin  wrinkled  ;  beaks  decorticated  and  near, 
with  two  or  three  concentric  undulations ;  bluish- 
white  or  yellowish  within,  reddish  near  the 
base  ;  teeth  very  oblique  and  much  compressed. 
Dimensions  an  inch  and  a  quarter  by  an  inch 
and  three  quarters. 

nasuta,  shell  thin,  oblong,  compressed,  beaked, 
horn-colour  or  fuscous,  wrinkled,  with  green 
radiations  ;  bluish-white  within  ;  teeth  crenate ; 
scarcely  any  back-cavity.  Dimensions  about 
one  inch  by  two  and  a  half. 


MYA.  219 

alata,  sliell  moderately  thick,  subtriangular,  gen- 
erally  gaping  at  the  back  part  of  the  base,  fus- 
cous, wrinkled  ;  beaks  near  the  back  part,  de- 
corticated ;  base  straitish  ;  hinge- margin  ob- 
lique with  a  winged  process  ;  red-purple  with- 
in ;  teeth  crenate.  Dimensions  five  inches  and 
a  half  by  three  and  three  fourths. 

cylindrica,  shell  very  thick,  subcylindric,  emargi- 
nate  forward  ;  pale  horn-coloured  and  greenish; 
hinge-margin  undulated  obliquely  across  the 
wrinkles  ;  rough  on  each  side  ;  beaks  broad 
and  prominent ;  pearly  within  ;  teeth  thick  and 
crenate  ;  cavity  of  the  beaks  very  deep.  Di- 
mensions three  inches  and  a  quarter  by  one  and 
a  quarter. 

undulata,  shell  subrhombic,  with  undulations,  which 
radiate  from  the  beaks  ;  shell  thick,  obtusely 
rounded  behind  ;  hinge -margin  somewhat  wing- 
ed ;  epidermis  blackish. 

plicata,  shell  subquadrangular,  tumid,  sinuous 
before  with  distant  oblique  folds  ;  hinge-mar- 
gin elevated,  compressed,  keeled  ;  shell  thick* 

n-ndata,  shell  sub  triangular,  very  tumid,  undu- 
lated ;  lateral  teeth  two  in  each  valve  ;  shell 
thick,  beaks  projecting  backwards  ;  epidermis 
horn-colour  approaching  yellowish-green  ;  teeth 
deeply  furrowed  and  crenate,  lateral  teeth  two 
in  each  valve. 

clliptica,  regularly  oval,  thick,  convex,  glabrous  ; 
beaks  depressed  ;  teeth  elevated,  triangular, 
striated  ;  shell  long  before  and  short  behind  ; 
epidermis  yellowish- brown,  obscurely  rayed  ; 
teeth  deeply  divided,  finely  striated  ;  pedrly 
white,  iridescent  or  flesh-colour  within.  Di- 
mensions about  four  inches  by  two  and  a  half. 


220  MYA. 

earinata,  shell  oblong-oval,  two-angled  before^ 
rayed,  hinge- margin  strait,  compressed,  keel- 
form  ;  teeth  finely  striate ;  shell  elongated  trans- 
versely ;  epidermis  greenish-yellow  with  broad 
dark-green  rays  ;  surface  glabrous  ;  white,  ira- 
descent  within.  Dimensions  about  three  inches 
by  two. 

•prtflonga,  shell  much  elongated  transversely,  nar* 
row,  thick,  tumid,  beaks  flat  ;  lateral  tooth 
long,  thin  ;  purple  within  ;  epidermis  blackish* 
brown  with  fine  interrupted  wrinkles  in  longi- 
tudinal rows.  Dimensions  about  three  inches 
by  one  and  a  quarter. 

gibbosa,  shell  elongated  transversely,  thick  gib- 
bous ;  lateral  tooth  very  thick,  incurved  ;  pur-* 
pie  within  ;  shell  thick  and  heavy,  suddenly 
narrowed  so  as  to  appear  beaked  before,  nar- 
row and  rounded  behind,  so  as  to  appear  sub- 
cylindric  ;  epidermis  blackish-brown  finely  stri- 
ated and  deeply  wrinkled  transversely  ;  purple 
within  ;  lateral  tooth  very  thick.  Dimensions 
about  four  inches  by  two. 

cuneata,  shell  ovate,  wedgeform,  thick,  gibbous  ; 
disks  tumid,  anterior  lunule  furrowed  ;  lateral 
tooth  thin  ;  purple  inside  ;  shell  elongated,  sub- 
triangular,  thick  and  heavy  ;  beaks  low  and 
distant  ;  epidermis  blackish-brown,  subferru- 
ginous,  surface  in  fine  wrinkles.  Dimensions 
three  inches  and  three  quarters  by  two  and  a 
quarter. 

radiata,  shell  broad-ovate,  thin,  finely  striated, 
glossy  rayed  ;  bluish-white  within,  or  tinged 
with  red  ;  shell  with  the  anterior  side  broad 
thin;  fragile ;  beaks  slightly  elevated  and  ap 


MYA,  221 

proximated  ;  epidermis  greenish-yellow  or  ol- 
ive-brown, with  dark-green  rays  finely  striated 
transversely  ;  surface  smooth  and  shining.  Di- 
mensions about  one  inch  and  a  half  by  two  and 
a  half. 

Viucronata,  shell  ovate,  broader  behind  ;  base 
compressed,  falcate  ;  beaks  small,  elevated; 
acute  ;  purple  within  ;  anterior  lunule  long, 
posterior  one  small ;  epidermis  horn-colour  and 
obscurely  rayed,  smooth.  Dimensions  one  inch 
and  a  quarter  by  two  and  a  quarter. 

inflate,  shell  oval,  thick,  tumid  ;  beaks  broad  ob- 
tuse behind,  wedge-form  before  j  pearly- white 
within  ;  epidermis  yellowish-green,  rayed.  Di- 
mensions one  inch  and  three  quarters  by  three 
and  a  quarter. 

ventricosd)  shell  large,  thick,  triangular,  ovate, 
convex  ;  bosses  large,  round,  prominent  ;  beaks 
recurved  ;  cavity  capacious  ;  epidermis  yellow- 
olive,  with  green  rays  ;  surface  smooth  and 
shining  ;  pearly-white  within.  Dimensions 
about  three  inches  by  four. 

tiiliquoidea,  shell  long-ovate,  subcylindric,  thick, 
regularly  rounded,  rayed;  beaks  elevated  ;  cavi- 
ty small  ;  inside  white  ;  epidermis  yellowish- 
olive,  rayed  with  distant  dark-green  lines  Di- 
mensions two  inches  by  three  and  a  quarter. 

plana,  shell  rhomb-oval ;  thin,  beaks  depressed  ; 
disks  flattened  compressed  ;  teeth  slightly  ele- 
vated, smooth  ;  epidermis  brown-yellow,  deeply 
wrinkled  Dimensions  two  inches  and  three 
fourths  by  four  and  three  fourths. 

triagguiaris,  shell  triangular, gibbous-inflated,  ray- 
ed, gaping ;  anterior  slope  flattened,  ribbed,  caa- 


MYA, 

eellate,  white  within  ;  epidermis  yellowish- 
green,  rayed  with  dark-green,  finely  striate 
transversely.  Dimensions  three  fourths  of  an 
inch  by  an  inch  and  a  quarter. 

gracilis,  shell  triangular-ovate,  very  thin  and  fra- 
gile, hinge- margin  elevated  into  a  wing  ;  valves 
connate  ;  ligument  concealed  ;  epidermis  sea- 
green,  obscurely  radiated  ;  bluish-white  within 
and  tinged  with  violet.  Dimensions  two  inches 
and  a  half  by  four. 

parva,  shell  oblong-ovate,  small,  convex,  sides 
rounded;  beaks  slightly  elevated  ;  pearly-white 
and  iridescent  within  ;  epidermis  brownish  ; 
very  brilliant  within.  Dimensions  one  inch  by 
two  thirds  of  an  inch. 

Section  C.  Hinge  with  prominent  cardinal  teeth? 
but  without  lateral  ones  ;  posterior  cicatrice 
compound.  ALASMODONTA  of  Say. 

arcuata,  shell  ovate,  elongated  transversely,  thick  : 
base  arched,  ligament  elevated,  beaks  depressed, 
cicatrices  rough  ;  epidermis  brownish-black  ; 
surface  smooth  in  the  young  state,  eroded  and 
scabrous  when  old  ;  teeth  two  in  the  right  and 
one  in  the  left  valve  ;  bluish-white  within.  Di- 
mensions two  inches  by  four. 

rugosa,  shell  oblong-oval,  anterior  side  with  deep 
diverging  folds  ;  epidermis  chesnut-brown  with 
a  silky  lustre  ;  surface  of  the  fore  part  folded 
in  a  pinnate  form  ;  cicatrices  smooth  ;  pale  flesh- 
colour  in  the  center  within,  pearl  white  on  the 
margin  with  a  dark  narrow  border.  Dimen* 
eions  two  inches  by  three  and  a  half. 

complanata,  shell  ovate-quadrangular,  hinge-mar- 
gia  elevated  into  a  large  wing ;  valves  connate  : 


MYCETOPHAGUS;    MYTILUS.  223 

ligament  concealed  ;  epidermis  brown,  glossy, 
surface  wrinkled  and  striated  transversely  ;  blu- 
ish-white and  iridescent  within.  Dimensions 
three  inches  by  five. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     MYCETOPHAGUS.     Spec.  14. 

quadrimaculata,   thorax   and  shells  black,  striate, 
the  latter  with  two  rufous  spots  ;  body  rufous. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     MYCTERIA.     Spec.  3. 

americana,  (jabiru,)  white  ;  quill  and  tail-feathers 
purplish- black.     5  or  6  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 4.     MYOXUS.     Spec.  4. 

muscardinus,   (dormouse,)   body   tawny   ;    throat 
whitish  ;  hind  thumbs  without  claws.    3  inches 
long. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     MYRMELON.     Spec.  16. 
formcariusi  (lion-ant,)  wings  clouded  with  brown; 
with  a  white  marginal  spot  behind. 

See  MS.  P. 

i — 5.     MYRMICOFHAGA.     Spec.  7. 

jubata,  (ant-eater,)  four  toes  on  the  fore  feet;  five 
on  the  hind  feet  ;  tail  bushy. 
See  MS.  r. 

9 — 3.     MYTILUS.     Spec,  about  70. 
Sec.  A.     Compressed  and  slightly  eared, 
margaritiferus,    (pearl  oyster,     mother-of-pearl,) 
shell  flattened,  suborbicular,  with  a  transverse 
base  imbricate  with  toothed  tunics. 


224  MVTILU3,  NAUTILUS. 

Sec.  B.  Convex  or  ventricose.  Shell  transverse  / 
hinge  simple,  destitute  of  teeth  ;  shell  with  three 
obsolete  muscular  impressions.  ANODOMTA  of 
Bruguieres. 

cataractus,  (toothless  muscle,)  shell  thin,  fragile, 
translucent,  oblong-oval,  convex  ;  covered  with 
a  radiated  olive-green  epidermis  ;  pearly  with- 
in ;  beaks  nearly  central  ;  front  margin  brown* 
Length  about  two  inches  and  a  half,  breadth 
four  and  a  half. 

jnarginatus,  shell  very  thin,  fragile,  somewhat 
compressed,  translucent,  subovate  ;  epidermis 
olive-green,  paler  on  the  disk  and  greener  be- 
fore ;  anterior  margin  fuscous  ;  beak  nearer  to 
the  posterior  end  ;  bluish-white  within,  edges 
whitish. 
See  MS.  P. 

N. 
5—3.     NAIS.     Spec.  10. 

firoboscidea,  with  single  lateral  bristles  and  very 

long  proboscis.    Three-fourths  of  an  inch  long* 

In  clear  water  an  inch  long. 
$erpentaria,  body  serpentine,  with  red  spiral  in- 

testines and  triple  black  collar.     In  stagnant 

water.     An  inch  long. 
vermicularis,  without  lateral  bristles  ;  chin  beard- 

ed.    In  stagnant  water.    One-sixth  of  aa  inch 

long. 
See  MS.  P. 


9  —  4.     NAUTILUS.     Spec.  31. 

(nautilus,)  aperture  of  the  shell  cor- 
date, with  obtuse  and  smooth  whorls,     Pearly 
within. 
Sec  MS,  P. 


NECYDALISj    NUMIDIA.  225 

8 — 5,     NECYDALIS.     Spec.  39. 
major,  (carrion  eater,)  shells   ferruginous,  with- 
out spots  ;  antennae  short ;  head  black  ;  wings 
longer  than  the  body, 
See  MS.  P. 

8—7.     NEPA.     Spec.  14. 

finerca,  (water  scorpion,)  tail  ending  in  two  bris- 
tles, half  as  long  as  the  body ;  body  ovate-, 
brown. 

See  MS.  P. 

5 — 2.     NEREIS.     Spec.  30. 
tlDctiluca,  body  blue-green,  with  twenty-three  seg- 
ments ;  scarcely  visible  to  the  naked  eye.     lu 
sea. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.    NERITA.     Spec.  76* 

gfaucina)  shell  smooth,  glossy  ;  spine  somewhat 
obtuse  ;  umbilicus  partly  closed  by  the  pillar 
lip,  which  is  gibbous  and  two-coloured. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 7.     NOTONECTA.     Spec,  17. 

$triat&)  (boat  fly,)  upper  wings  pale  brown,  with 
numerous  dots  and  streaks  of  dark-brown.  All 
the  species  swim  on  the  back. 

See   MS.  P. 

2 — 4.     NUMIDIA.  Spec.  4. 

1ficleagri$i  (guinea-hen,)  caruncles  at  the  gape 
doubled  ;  no  gulor  fold  ;  breast  white.  Some- 
times the  whole  body  is  white  ;  but  it  is  gene- 
rally speckled.  About  eighteen  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P, 


326  ODONTOGNATHUS,  (ESTRUS. 

O. 

4 — 1.     ODONTOGNATHUS.     Spec.  1* 
acideata,  compressed  ;  lower  jaw  longest 

See  MS    P. 

8—12.     (ESTRUS.     Spec.  12. 

bowls,  (gad-fly,)  wings  brown  without  spots  ;  ab- 
domen with  a  black  band  in  the  middle,  and 
orange-yellow  hairs  at  the  tip.  Deposites  its 
eggs  under  the  skin  of  cattle,  which  causes 
them  to  run  and  bellow  when  in  the  larva  state* 
)  (leg  nitter,)  wings  whitish  with  a  black  band 
in  the  middle  and  two  dots  at  the  tip.  Depo- 
sites its  eggs  on  the  hairs  of  horses'  legs  in  the 
the  summer  months. 
h<emorrhoukt&s,  (lip  nitter,)  wings  brownish  with- 
out spots  ;  abdomen  black,  the  base  white  and 
fulvous  at  the  tip.  Deposites  eggs  on  the  lips 
of  horses. 

veterinus,  (throat  nitler,  bot-fly,)  wings  without 
spots;  body  ferruginous;  sides  of  the  thorax 
and  base  of  the  abdomen  with  white  hairs.  A 
little  smaller  than  the  leg  nitter.  Deposites 
eggs  under  the  skin  of  the  throat  of  horses  in 
September. 

Remarks.  The  three  last  species  are  the  nit- 
ters  so  well  known  in  this  country  ;  particularly 
the  leg  and  throat  nitters.  It  is  the  received  opin- 
ion that  the  nits  on  the  legs  of  horses,  are  taken 
into  the  mouth  of  the  horse,  conveyed  into  the 
intestines,  and  at  length  become  the  bot  larva. 
This  is  a  very  extravagant  -conjecture  and  requires 
proof. 


(ESTBU6,  ONISCUS.  227 

From  some  observations  which  I  have  made,  I 
am  inclined  to  the  following  opinion  ;  but  I  con- 
fess it  wants  farther  pruof.  That  the  eggs  depos- 
ited under  the  skin,  near  the  inner  angle  formed 
by  the  horse's  head  and  neck,  are  the  only  eggs  ov 
nits,  which  produce  the  bot  larva.  That  when 
they  pass  into  the  larva  state,  they  are  very  small, 
and  make  their  way  directly  into  the  alimentary 
canal,  and  soon  grow  to  size  sufficient  to  injure  or 
destroy  the  horse.  This  hypothesis  is  more  con- 
formable to  analogy,  if  we  study  the  habits  of 
other  animals,  not  intestinal,  which  inhabit  the 
bodies  of  large  animals,  while  in  the  larva  state. 

If  on  further  observation  this  opinion  should  be 
established,  horses  may  be  saved  from  the  mortal 
malady,  called  the  bots,  by  fastening  a  piece  of 
oil-cloth  under  the  throat,  for  three  or  four  weeks ; 
commencing  on  or  about  the  last  week  in  August. 
As  my  observations  are  confined  to  one  year,  I 
would  invite  all  students  in  zoology  to  make  care- 
ful observations  on  this  insect ;  anu,  if  possible, 
to  hatch  out  a  bot  larva,  and  see  whether  the  ve- 
terinm  is,  or  is  not,  the  only  species  which  causes 
such  destruction  among  the  most  valuable  of  all 
animals. 

See  MS.   P. 

9—1.     ONCHIDIUM.     Spec.  1. 

typluz,  body  convex  above,  ash-colour,  tnfaercled  ; 
flat  and  smooth  beneath.  An  inch  long,  or  more 
when  creeping. 

Sec  M-S.      . 

6 — 2  to  5.     ONISCUS,     Spec.  43. 
armadillo,  (sowbug,)  feelers  unequal,  hind  ones 


228  ONISCUS,  OSTREA. 

longer ;  antennae  filiform  ;  tail  obtuse  entire ; 
body  of  ten  segments,  with  white  edges.  Un- 
der stones. 

•assellus,  (wood-louse,)  feelers  and  antennae  as  in 
the  last  ;  tail  obtuse,  with  two  simple  styles, 
In  walls  and  rotten  wood. 
Bee  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     OPHICEPHALUS.     Spec.  2. 
punctatus,  body  and  beak  entirely  covered  with 
large  scales  ;  gills  5-rayed  ;  body  subcylindric. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     OPHIDIUM.     Spec.  4, 
barbatum^  lower  jaw  with  four  cirri.     A  foot  long. 
imberba,  jaws  without  cirri  ;  tail  bluntish. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     ORIOLUS.     Spec.  51. 
phoeniceus,    (oriole,    red-shouldered    blackbird,) 
black  ;  wing-coverts  tawny.      Sometimes  with 
red  shoulders. 

ferrugineus,  (rusty  blackbird,)  black  ;  edge  of  the 
wings  rusty  ;  head  and  neck  purplish-black. 
Seven  inches  long. 

niger,  (corn  blackbird,)  totally   black.     About  9 
Inches  long.     Female  greenish-brown. 
Sec  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     OSTRACION.     Spec  12. 
triqueter,  (trunk-fish,)  body  triangular,  unarmed. 

Bee  MS.  P. 

9—3.     OSTREA.     Spec.  137. 
Section  A.      Valves  furnished  with  ears  and  radi- 
ate.    PECTEN  of  Bruguires. 
maxima,  (scallup,)  ears  equal ;  shell  with  about 


OSTREA,  OVIS.  229 

14  rounded  and  longitudinally  striate  rays.     5 
inches  long. 
Jacob&a,  having  14  angular  rays. 

Section  B.     Rough,  and  generally  plaited  on  the 
outside.     The  proper  OYSTER. 

edulis,  (common  oyster,)  shell  suborbicular,  rug- 
ged, with  undulate  imbricate  scales  ;  one  valve 
flat,  entire.  Extremely  variable  in  form,  size 
and  colour. 

plicatula,  (fan-shell  oyster,)  shell  with  longitudi- 
nal wrinkled  plaits  ;  the  lower  valve  a  little 
less  and  iiatter.      Generally  cinereous  with  a 
mixture  of  violet,  sometimes  bluish  -white. 
See  MS.  P. 


2—5.     OTIS.     Spec.  ii. 

(bustard,)  wave-spotted  with  black  and  ru- 
fous, whitish  beneath  ;  head  (of  the  male)  and 
throat  each  side  crested.  4  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 7.     Ovis.     Spec.  4. 

(sheep,)  horns  compressed,  lunate. 
See  MS.  P. 

Varieties. 

Hornless.     Horns  none  or  mere  rudiments  ;  tail 

reaching  as  low  as  the  knees. 
Black-face.     Horned  ;  tail  short,  wool  short  and 

coarse. 
Merino.     Horns  spiral  and  extended  outwards  ; 

wool  fine  and  plentiful.     This  variety  secretes 

so  much  oily  matter  upon  the  wool  that 

dust  adheres  to  it. 
See  MS.  P. 

20 


230  PALAMEDEA,  PAPILIO. 

P. 

2—5.     PALAMEDEA.     Spec.  2. 
cernuta,  (screamer,)  wings  with  two  spines  at  the 
bend  ;  front  horned.     3  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

1—6.     PALOEOTHERIUM.     Spec.  5. 

equinum,  (extinct  species,)  bones  in  some  particu- 
lars resembling  those  of  the  horse. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     PANORPA.     Spec.  9. 
communis,  wings  of  equal  length,   spotted  with 
black. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—10.     PAPILIO.     Spec.  1272. 

[Remarks.  The  larva,  or  caterpillars,  have 
twelve  eyes  on  the  head  (or  rather  twelve  lenses,) 
body  in  twelve  segments,  with  nine  spiracles  on 
each  side,  and  is  generally  beset  with  prickles. 
The  caterpillar  becomes  a  chrysalis  or  pupa,  which 
is  scarcely  capable  of  motion  ;  and  is  distinguish- 
ed from  that  of  the  phalsera  genus,  by  never  being 
provided  with  a  web.  It  is  toothed,  often  having 
golden  spots,  and  is  suspended  by  its  posterior 
extremity. 

All  the  species  fly  in  the  day  time  only  ;  and 
when  sitting  have  their  wings  erect.  For  conven- 
ience in  analyzing,  Linneus  distributed  butterflies 
into  five  divisions  or  families.  See  Gere's  Blurnen- 
bach,  p.  202.  The  larva  of  this  genus  are  mostly 
harmless. 

1.  Div.  EQUITES,  (knights,)  upper  wings  longer 
from  the  posterior  angle  to  the  tip,  than  to  the 


1'APILIO,  PARADISES.  231 

base  ;  antenna  often  filiform.  This  division  is 
subdivided  into  1.  Trojans,  which  are  general- 
ly black,  with  sanguineous  spots  on  the  breast: 
2.  Greeks,  which  have  an  ocellate  spot  at  the 
angle  of  the  tail,  and  no  sanguineous  spots  on 
the  breast. 
See  MS.  P. 

2.  Div.  HALICONII,  wings  narrow,  entire,  often 
naked  or  semi-transparent ;  upper  ones  oblong, 
lower  ones  short. 

See  MS.  P. 

3.  Div.  DANAI,  wings  very  entire.  This  divis- 
ion is  subdivided  into   1.  Candidi,  with  whitish 
wings  :  2.  Festivi,  with  variegated  wings. 

\See  MS.  P. 

4.  Div.  NYMPHALES,  wings  denticulate.     This 
division  is  subdivided  into  1.  Gemmata,  having 
wings  with  ocellate  spots  :  2.  Phalerati,  having 
wings  without  ocellate  spots. 

See  MS.  P. 

5.  Div.  PLEBEII,  small;  the  larva  often  comtract- 
ed.     This  division  is  subdivided  into  1.  Rurales, 
having  wings  with   obscure  spots  ;  2.  Urbicolse, 
having  wings  mostly  with  transparent  spots. 

See  MS.  P. 

Remarks.  Not  only  the  sections  and  subsec- 
tions, have  historical  names,  but  the  genera  are 
named  upon  the  same  plan.  Those  which  fall 
under  the  subsection,  Trojans,  for  example,  have 
Trojan  names  ;  under  Greeks,  Grecian  names, 
A  vast  and  beautiful  genus. 

2 — 2.     PARADISEA.     Spec.  12. 
spoda.  (paradise  bird,)  chesnut ;  neck  gold-green 


332  PARAMECIUM,  PAUSUS. 

beneath  ;  feathers  on  the  sides  longer  than  the 
body  ;  two  middle  tail-feathers  very  long,  brist- 

ty- 

See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.    PARAMECIUM.     Spec.  7. 
&z/?Wm,  compressed,  longitudinally  plaited  towards 
the  forepart,  acute  behind.    In  ditches  and  in- 
fusions. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.    PARRA.    Spec.  16. 

dominica,  (jacana,)  claws  moderate  ;  legs  yellow* 
,       See  MSi  p. 

2—2.    PARUS.    Spec.  31. 

americanus,  (titmouse,)  bluish ;  temples,  breast 
and  back  yellowish  ;  flanks  purplish. 

ater,  (colemouse,)  head   black  ;  back  cinereous  j 
hind- head  and  breast  white. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.   PATELLA.     Spec.  239. 
Section  A.     Having  an  internal  lip. 

fornicata,  (limpet,)  shell  oval,  obliquely  recurved 
behind ;  lip  placed  behind  and  concave.  On 
oysters,  &c. 

Section  B,     Having  no  internal  lip. 

fis&ura,  (knee-pan,)  shell  oval,  conic,  with  reticu- 
late striae,  cleft  on  the  fore  part ;  crown  recurv- 
ed. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     PAUSUS.     Spec.  5, 

tuber,  reddish  ;  thorax  jagged  before, 
See  MS.  P. 


PAVO,  PEL1COKUS.  233 

2 — 4.     PAVO.     Spec.  4. 
(peacock,)    head    with  a  compressed 
crest  ;  spurs  solitary. 

See  MS.  P. 

13 — 1.     PEDICELLARIA.     Spec.  3. 

plobifera,  head  spherical ;  neck  none. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 3.     PEDICULUS.     Spec.  65. 

humanus)  (louse,)  abdomen  lobed,  cinereous.— 
Found  on  the  heads  of  children  ;  also  on  the 
heads  and  clothes  of  uncleanly  full-grown  per- 
sons. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 6.     PEGASUS.     Spec.  3. 

draconis,  (dragon-fish,)  snout  conic  ;  fin-rays  sim- 
ple.    3  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     PELECANUS.     Spec.  31. 
Section  A.     Bill  without  indentations. 

onocrotatus,  (pelican,)  white,  with  a  pouched  gul- 
let. 

carbo,  (corvorant,)  tail  rounded  ;  body  black  j 
head  subcrested.  3  feet  long. 

graculus,  (shag,  crane  bird,)  tail  rounded  ;  body 
black,  brown  beneath  ;  tail-feathers  twelve. 

Section  B.     Bill  indented  or  serrate. 

bassanus,  (gannet,)  tail  wedge-form  ;  body  white ; 
bill  and  [primary  quill-lfeathers    black  j   face 
blue. 
See  MS.  P. 

#20 


234         PENELOPE,  PETRQMYZA, 

2 — 4.     PENELOPE.     Spec.  4. 

cristata*  (guan,  curassow,)  head  with  an  erect 
crest ;  temples  violet. 

See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     PENNATULA.     Spec.  18. 

phosphorea,  (shining  sea-pen,)  stem  fleshy,  with  a 
rough  midrib  and  imbricate  ramifications. 

See  MS.  P. 

4—3.     PERCA.     Spec.  60. 

Section  A.     Dorsal  ft  ns  two,  distinct. 

jluviati/is,  (river  perch,)  second  dorsal  fin  with  16 

soft  rays.     Sometimes  two  feet  long, 
americanuS)  (red  perch,)  red  ;  second  dorsal  fin 

with  13  rays.     In  brackish  water. 
labraX)  (basse,)  second  dorsal  fin  with  14  rays  : 

back  dusky,  tinged   with  blue  ;  belly   white. 

Body  shaped  like  a  salmon. 

Section  B.     Dorsal  Jin  single  ;  tail  undivided. 

marina,  (sea  perch,)  red,  with  transverse  dusky 
lines  on  the  sides  ;  gill-covers  with  a  black 
spot ;  dorsal  spines  fifteen.  A  foot  long. 

nobilis,  body  silvery,  with  eight  brown  bands. 

Section  C.     Dorsal  fin  single  ;  tail  forked. 

cernua,  (ruffe,)  dorsal  fin  27-rayed,  spines  15;     6 

inches  long. 
nigra,  (black*  fish,)  body  narrow,  with  small  scales, 

15  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 6.    PETROMYZA.     Spec.  4. 
(sea-lamprey,)  mouth  papillose  within  j- 


PETROMYZA,  PHJETON.  335 

second  dorsal  fin  distinct  from  the  tail.  3  feet 
long. 

fluviatilis,  (river-lamprey,)  second  dorsal  fin  an- 
gulate,  A  foot  long. 

hrancialiS)  (dwarf  lamprey,)  second  dorsal  fin  lin- 
ear ;  mouth  lobate.  6  inches  long, 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 4.     PHASIANUS.     Spec.  15. 
gallus,  (hen,)  comb  on  the  crown,  and  two  com 
pressed  wattles  on  the  chin  5  ears  naked  :  tail 
compressed,  erect. 

Varieties. 

Crested  hen.     Crown  with  a  thick  downy  crest. 
Darking  hen.     Feet  5-toed,  two  behind. 
Frizzled  hen.     Feathers  all  turned  contrary. 
Persian  hen,  Ilumpless  hen.     Destitute  of  rump 

and  tail-feathers. 
Creeper.     Legs  very  short. 
Banta  hen.     Shanks  feathered,  small. 
Turkish  hen.     Colours  curiously  variegated. 
Paduan  hen.   Body  twice  as  large  as  common  hen. 
Negro  hen.    Having  black  crest,  wattles  and  chin. 
Crowned  hen.     Having  a  tuberous  crown. 
Horned  hen.     Having  a  crown  so  divided   as  to 

appear  like  horns, 

Silk  hen.     Feathers  resemble  hairs  ;  large. 
colchicus,  (pheasant,)  rufous  ;    head  blue  ;    tail 

wedge-form ;  cheeks  papillose.  Colour  various. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     PHJETON.     Spec.  3. 

tethereus,  (tropic  bird,)  white  ;  two  middle  tail- 
feathers  black  at  the  base  ;  bill  red, 

See  MS.  P, 


236 

8 — 10.     PHAL^NA.    Spec.  1571. 

Remarks.  This  is  the  most  extensive  genus 
among  insects.  The  larva  are  mostly  hairy,  and 
in  many  other  particulars  resemble  those  of  the 
butterfly.  They  generally  occupy  a  silky  bag, 
when  in  the  crysalis  state,  which  they  previously 
prepare  from  a  tenaceous  fluid  contained  in  two 
pouches,  placed  along  the  back,  beneath  the  stom- 
ach. This  fluid  they  spin  into  very  fine  threads, 
by  means  of  a  tube  placed  behind  the  mouth. 
These  constructions  are  remarkable  in  some  in- 
stances, for  their  apparent  artificial  formation,  and 
in  some,  (as  the  silk  worm,)  for  their  great  utility. 
See  Gore's  Blumenbach,  p.  207.  The  larva  of 
this  genus  prey  voraciously  on  the  leaves  of  plants, 
and  are  thus  more  injurious  to  fruit  trees,  than  any 
other  genus*  All  the  species  fly  in  the  evening 
or  night  only. 

The  following  are  the  divisions  into  which  the 
species  of  this  genus  are  distributed.  Some  altera- 
tions of  the  Linean  divisions  are  here  adopted 
from  the  improvements  of  Gmelin,  Fabricius,  &c. 

1.  Div.  BOMBYX,  antennae  filiform  ;  feelers  two, 
compressed,  reflected  ;  tongue  short,  membrana- 
ceous,  obtuse,  bifid;  larva  16- footed,  often  hairy; 
chrysalis  pointed  at  the  tip.     Wings  either,  1.  ex- 
panded ;  2.  reversed  ;  3.  deflected  ;  4.  incumbent ;. 
OT  5.  convolute.     A  distinct  genus,  Bombyx,  is 
made  of  this  section.     It  includes  about  280  spe- 
cies. 

See  MS.  P. 

2.  Div.  GEOMETRA,  antennae  filiform  ;  feelers 
cylindrical  ;  tongue  projected,   inembranaceous, 
setaceous,  bifid  ;  larva  8  to  10-footed,  6  of  which 


237 

are  pectoral,  2  caudal,  and  sometimes  2  subcau- 
dal  ;  chrysalis  pointed  at  the  tip.  1.  Antennae 
pectinate  ;  2.  setaceous  ;  3.  the  wings  are  forked 
and  connivent.  Genus  Phalaena  of  Fab.  Con- 
tains 430  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

3.  Div.  NOCTUA,  antennsB  setaceous  ;  feelers 
compressed,  hairy,  the  tip  cylindrical  and  naked  ; 
tongue  projecting,  horny,  setaceous,   bifid  ;  larva 
16-footed  ;  chrysalis  pointed  at  the  tip.    1.  Wings 
expanded  ;  2.  flat  incumbent,  with  a  smooth  tho- 
rax ;  3.  wings  flat  incumbent,  with  a  crested  tho- 
rax ;  4.  wings  deflected,   with  a  smooth  thorax  ; 
5.  wings  deflected,  with  a  crested  thorax.     This 
division  contains  400  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

4.  Div.  HYBLJEA,  antennae  setaceous  ;  feelers 
projecting,   compressed,  dilated  in  the  middle  ; 
lip   projecting,  acute.     This  division  contains  6 
species. 

See  MS.  P. 

5.  Div.  HEPIALUS,  antennae  moniliform  ;  feel- 
ers two,  reflected,  hairy,   between  which  is  the 
rudiment  of  a  bifid  tongue ;  larva  16-footed  ;  feed- 
ing on  the  roots  of  plants  ;  chrysalis  folliculate, 
cylindrical,  and  pointed  at  the  tip.  This  division 
contains  10  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

6.  Div.  Cossus,  antennae  short,  filiform  ;  feel- 
ers two,  very  short,  cylindrical,  reflected  ;  having 
no  spiral  tongue.     This  division  contains  6  spe 
cies. 

See  MS.  P, 


238  PHALJENA,    PHALANGIU&I. 

7.  Div.  PYRALIS,  antennae  filiform ;  feelers  two, 
equal,  almost  naked,  cylindrical  at  the  base,  the 
middle  dilated  into  an  oval,  and  subulate  at  the 
tip  ;  tongue  projected,  setaceous,  bifid  ;    wings 
very  obtuse  and  slight] y  curved  at  the  exterior 
margin  ;  larva  16-footed,  and  rolling  up  the  leaves 
to  which  it   attaches  itself.     This  division  con- 
tains 183  species.     It  is  the  genus    Tortrix  of 
Gmelin. 

See  MS.  P. 

8.  Div.   TINEA,    antennae   setaceous  ;    feelers 
four,  unequal ;  larva  found  in  houses  among  lin- 
nen  and  woollen  clothes  and  furniture,  in  which 
it  eats  holes.     This  section  contains  190  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

9.  Div.  ALUCITA,  antennas  setaceous  ;  feelers 
two,  divided  to  the  middle  ;  the  inner  divisions 
very  acute.     This  is  the  genus  Tinea  of  Gmelin, 
It  contains  53  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

10.  Div.  PTEROPHORUS,  antennas   setaceous  ; 
feelers  two,  linear,  naked ;  tongue  exsert,  mem- 
branaceous,  bifid  ;  wings  fan-form,  divided  down 
to  the  base,  and  generally  subdivided  as  far  as  the 
middle  ;  larva  16-footed,  ovate,  hairy  ;  chrysalis 
naked,  subulate  at  the  tip.     It  is  the  genus  Aluci- 
ta  of  Grmelin.     It  contains  13  species. 

See  MS.  P. 

7 — 2.     PHALANGIUM.     Spec.  19. 
Sec.  A.     Mouth  with  a  conic  tubular  sucker, 
grossipes,  (sea  graybeard,)  feelers  four,  the  upper 
ones  chelate  ;  body  minute,  cylindric,  glabrous  ; 


FHALANGIUM,   PHCENICOPTERUS.  239 

shoulders  tuberculate  ;  legs  very  long  ;  body 
dirty  red.     Eaters  muscle  shells. 
kalaenarum,  (land  greybeard,)  feelers  two  5  body 
ovate,  red  on  the  back. 
See  MS.  P. 

Sec.  B.     Mouth  without  a  sucker. 

epilio,  (shepherd,  common  graybeard,)  abdomen 
ovate,  grey,  whitish  beneath  ;  feelers  project- 
ing, incurved.  Wanders  about  at  night. 

cornutum,  (spot-greybeard,)  abdomen  depressed  ; 
mandible  conic,  ascending  ;  feelers  resembling 
legs  ;  body  grey-brown  above  with  a  darker 
rhombic  spot  in  the  middle. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 6.     PHASMA.     Spec.  1. 

rossia,  (spectre,)  without  wings,  excepting  the 
mere  rudiments,  green,  yellowish  or  dark  ash- 
colour  ;  antennas  very  short. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 3.     PHOCA.     Spec.  19. 

barbata,  (seal,)  head  smooth,  without  external 
ears  ;  body  blackish.  Sometimes  twelve  feet 
long. 

vitulina,   (common  seal,  sea  calf,)  head   without 
external   ears   ;    neck  smooth  ;  body   brown. 
Sleeps  on  stones  projecting  above  water. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     PHceNicopTERus.     Spec.  2. 

ruber,  (red  flamingo,)  quill-feathers  black;  colour 
passing  from  ash  to  scarlet  as  it  advances  in  age. 


See,  MS.  P, 


240  PHOLAS,    PIOUS. 

9 — 2.     PHOLAS.     Spec.  12. 

dactylus)  (pierce-stoiie,)  shell  oblong,  with  reticu- 
late subspinous  stride  on  the  upper  part.     Fiver 
inches  long.     Shines  by  night. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 8.     PHRYGANEA.     Spec.  55. 

bicaudata,  ( water- moth,)  wings  reticulate,  brown  ; 
body  brown  with  a  yellowish  line  on  the  head 
and  thorax.     Larva  in  water  inclosed  in  tubes 
made  of  sand,  scraps  of  wood,  &c. 
See  MS.  P. 

12 — 2.     PHYSSOPHORA.     Spec.  3. 

hydrostatics,  oval ;  with  numerous  lateral  3-lobed 
vesicles,  open  outwardly  ;  middle  intestine  and 
four  longer   tentacula  red.     Resembles  a  Me- 
dusa. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 8.     PHYSETER.     Spec,  4. 

tnacrocephalus,  (white  whale,  cachelot,)  no  dorsal 
fin  ;  spiracle  on  the  neck.  Sometimes  black- 
ish. About  60  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.    PHYTOTOMA.    Spec.  1. 

rara,   (ra-ra,)   bill  thick,  indented  ;  body  dusky- 
ash  above,  paler  beneath. 
See  MS.  Ps 

2—2.    Picus.    Spec.  58. 

pileatus,  (great  woodpecker,)  black  ;  crest  red  ; 

temples  and  wings  spotted  with  white.     12  to 

18  inches  long. 
hirundinaceus,   (red-cap  woodpecker,)  black  ;  cap 


F1CUS?   PLATALfcA.  241 

scarlet ;  shoulders  dotted  with   white.      Five 

and  a  half  inches  long. 
*ryihfo$ephalus)  (red-headed   woodpecker,)  head 

wholly  red  ;  wings  and  tail  black  ;  belly  white* 

6  to  9  inches  long. 
major i   (spotted    woodpecker,)    variegated    witfe 

black  and  white  ;  vent  and   hind-head  red.     9 

inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 3.     PINNA,     Spec.  18. 

muricata,  (sea- wing,)  shell  striate,  with  concave, 
ovate,  acute  scales.  3  to  9  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

2—2.     PIPRA.    Spec.  31. 

rupicola,  (rnanakin,  rock-hen,)  crest  erect,  edged 
with  purple  ;  body  saftron-colour  ;  tail-feathers 
truncate.  10  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

11 — 2.     PLAN  ARIA.     Spec,  47. 

fusca,  (eyed  worm,)  black-brown  with  a  semipei- 
lucid  whitish  spot  above  the  tail.  Resembles 
a  bloodsucker. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 5.     PLATYPUS.     Spec.  1. 

anatinus,    (duck-bill,)  body  depressed,    covered 
with  soft  fur,  dark  above,  lighter  beneath. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     PLATALEA.     Spec.  3. 

leutorodia,   (spoonbill,)  body  white  ;  chin  bla/ck  ? 
hind-head  subcrested.     2  feet  long, 
See  MS.  P. 

21 


242  PLATYSTACHUS,    PODUIIA. 

4  —  4.     PLATYSTACHUS.     Spec.  3. 
verrucosus,  having  a  very  short  tail. 

See  MS.  P. 

4  —  3.     PLEURONECTES.    Spec.  29. 
Sec.  A.     Both  eyes  on  the  right  side  of  the  head. 

hippoglossus,   (hollibut,)  body  perfectly  smooth  ; 

tail  lunate.    All  sizes.    Specimens  have  weigh- 

ed 400  pounds. 
Jlessusj  (flounder,)  lateral  line  rough  ;  short  spines 

on  the  right  side  of  the  fins.    Largest  weigh  five 

or  six  pounds. 
solea,  (sole,)  body  oblong,   rough  ;    upper  jaw 

longer.     Sometimes  two  feet  long. 

Sec.  B.     Eyes  both  on  the  left  side  of  the  head. 

maximus,  (turbot,)  body  rough  ;  fins  yellowish 
with  black  points  and  spots.  Sometimes  weighs 
30  pounds. 


2  —  2.     PLOTUS.     Spec.  3. 

anhinga,   (darter,)   head   smooth  ;    belly   white, 
Near  three  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

8  —  2.     PODURA.     Spec.  32. 

signata,  (common  springtail,)  subglobular,  brown  ; 

abdomen  with  fulvous  spots  at  the  sides  ;  an- 

tennae as  long  as  the  body. 
viridis,  (buckwheat  springtail,)  subglobular,  green 

with  a  yellowish  head. 
See  MS.  P. 


POLYNEMUS,    PROTEUS.  243 

4 — 4.     POLYNEMUS.    Spec.  4. 

appendages  five,    longer   than  the 
body. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 4.    POLYPTERUS.     Spec.  1. 

bichir,  sea-green,  covered  with  long  scales  ;  dor- 
sal fins  16  or  more. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     PROCELLARIA.     Spec.  24. 

obscura,  (petrel,)  black,  white  beneath  ;  membrane 
connecting  the  toes  tawrney. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     PSOPHIA.     Spec.  2. 

crepitam,  (trumpeter,)  black  ;  back  grey  ;  breast 
shining  blue-green  ;    orbits  naked,   red.     20 
inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 4.     PROTEUS.     Spec.  1, 

limodracus,  (mud-dragon,)  spotted,  havinga purple 
ruffle,  or  suit  of  gills,  around  the  neck.  After 
reading  Dr.  Mitchell's  article  on  the  subject  in 
Silliman's  Journal,  the  article  in  Cuvier,  and  in 
Long's  Expedition,  I  have  not  been  able  to  find 
any  settled  specific  name  for  the  Lake  Erie 
Proteus.  I  have  therefore  adopted  one  for  our 
students,  as  we  have  two  elegant  specimens  in 
our  collection — one  presented  by  Mrs.  General 
Porter,  and  the  other  by  Maj.  Frazer,  of  Black 
Rock.  The  former  is  seven,  and  the  latter 
fourteen  inches  in  length, 
See  MS,  P. 


£44  PSITTACUS,  PULEX. 

2—3.     PSITTACUS.     Spec.  170. 

macoa,  (red  parrot,)  red  ;  quill-feathers  blue  above> 
rufous  beneath  ;  feathers  of  the  shoulders  va- 
riegated blue  and  green  ;  cheeks  naked,  wrink- 
led. Between  2  and  3  feet  long. 

severus,  (common  parrot,)  green  ;  cheeks  naked  : 
quill  and  tail  feathers  blue,  purplish  beneath. 
Sometimes  dusky-green  ;  front  brown  ;  crown 
greenish-blue.    About  17  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     PTEROTRACHIA.     Spec.  4. 
coronata,  abdomen  and   tail  furnished  with  fins  : 
head  with  a  round  perpendicular  proboscis,  and 
a  coronet  of  ten  spines  on  the  front. 

See  MS:  P. 

8—5.     PTINUS.     Spec.  39. 

puhdtot)  (death-watch,)  feelers  clavate  ;  lip  en- 
tire ;  subvillous,  dusky,  with  irregular  grey- 
brown  spots.  Makes  a  ticking  noise  in  7,  9  or 
11  strokes  at  a  time.  Resides  in  old  wooden 
ceilings,  furniture,  &c. 

fur,  (plant-thief,)  testaceous;  thorax  four-toothed: 
shells  with  two  white  bands,  Very  destructive 
to  collections  in  Natural  History. 

See  MS.  P. 

8—4.     PULEX.     Spec.  2. 

'tritans,   (flea,)  proboscis  shorter  than  the  body. 
Makes  its  way  under  the  hair  of  dogs,  cats,  &c. 
and  under  the  cloathes  of  men. 
penetrans,  (toe  flea,)  proboscis  as  long  as  the  bo- 
dy ;  reddish  brown.     Creeps  into  the  toes,  &c>. 
See  MS,  P. 


IIAJA,  RANAv  245 

R. 

4—6.     RAJA,     Spec.  19. 

pastinaca,  (sting  ray,)  body  smooth  ;  tail  with  a 
long  sharp  spine,  serrate  on  the  forepart,  and 
another  on  the  back.  Sometimes  having  two 
back- spines  ;  and  sometimes  the  body  is  cover- 
ed with  spots.  From  one  to  two  and  a  half 
feet  long,  and  two-thirds  or  three-fourths  as 
broad. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     RALLUS.     Spec.  81. 

crex,  (rail,  crake,)  wings  rusty-red  j  mostly  rus- 
ty-red or  rusty-grey  or  brown. 

jj&rzana,  (gallinule,  spotted  rail,)  two  middle  tail- 
feathers  edged  with  white  ;  bill  and  legs  pale 
olive. 
See  MS.  P. 

3 — 4.     RANA.     Spec,  about  40; 

Section  A.     Body  warty,  puffed  up  ;  legs  shorter. 
Toads, 

bufo,  (common  toad,)    body   lurid    and    brown. 

Sometimes  brown-olive   with  a  yellowish-red 

band  ;  sometimes  spotted  with  green,  &c. 
rubeta,  (rain  load,)  vent  obtuse  ;  a  yellowish  line 

on  the  back  ;  body  beneath  spotted  with  black. 

From  one  to  two  inches  long.     Body  pimpled, 

dirty  yellow. 

Section  B.     Body  smooth,  more  oblong  ;  legs 
longer.     Frogs. 

fiipens,  (croaking  frog,)  green  with  numerous  ocel- 
Jate  spots,  surrounded  with  a  yellowish  ring* 
#21 


f246  RANA,  RHINOCEROS. 

Four  to  six  inches  long.  Leaps  to  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  croaks  loudly  in  the  spring  season. 

lemporaria,  (common  frog,)  back  flattish,  suban- 
gular ;  sometimes  dirty-olive  above,  with  large 
warty  spots,  and  very  large, 

esculenta,  (eatable  frog,)  body  angular ;  back 
transversely  gibbous  ;  belly  emarginate.  Body 
green  with  three  yellow  lines.  The  male  croaks 
at  evening. 

Section  G.     Hind  feet  very  long  ;  claws  lenticu- 
lated*     Chirping  toads. 

arborea,  (tree-toad,)  body  greenish-brown,  or  ci- 
nereous, granulate  beneath  ;  feet  cleft,  having 
obicular  flattened  claws  secreting  an  adhesive 
mucus. 

boans,  (croaking  chirper,)  body  smooth  with  con- 
tiguous dots  beneath  ;  feet  palmate. 

See  MS.  P. 

8—8.     RAPHIDIA.     Spec.  2» 
ophiosus,  thorax  cylindric  ;  wings  without  spote. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     RECURVJROSTRA.     Spec.  3. 
americana,  (avocet,)  head  and  neck  reddish  :  back 
black,  white  beneath. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 3.     RHAMPff-Asros.     Spec.  17. 

tfiridis,  (toucan,)  green ;  belly  yellow  ;  rump  red, 
About  fourteen  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 6.     RHINOCEROS.     Spec.  2. 
(one-horned  rhinoceros; )  one  horn  0& 


RHYNCHOPS,  SALMO,  247 

the  nose,  growing  from  the  skin,  like  the  briar 
prickle  from  the  bark. 

licornis,  (two-horned  rhinoceros,)  horns  two. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     HHYNCHOPS.     Spec.  1. 
nigra,  (skimmer,)  blackish,   white  beneath  ;  bill 
red  at  the  base. 
See  MS.  P. 

5 — 1.     SABELLA.     Spec.  25. 
alveolata,  (case-worm,)  with    numerous  parallel 
tubes  communicating  by  an  aperture,  forming  in 
the  mass  the  appearance  of  honey-comb.     Two 
or  three  inches  long;. 

3 — 4.     SALAMANDRA.     Spec.  11. 

palustris,  (warted  newt,)  body  blackish  ;  sides 
speckled  with  white ;  belly  orange,  with  irregu- 
lar black  spots. 

lacustris,  (swamp  newt,)  black  ;  tail  lanceolate ; 
spotted  with  white,  black,  yellow  or  saffron. 

aquatica,  (water  newt,)  tail  roundish,  middle-size  ; 
brown  or  yellowish. 

salamandra,  (proper  salamander,)  tail  roundish, 
short ;  body  porous,  variegated  with  black  and 
yellow,  also  sometimes  brown  or  white.  A  small 
variety  is  brown  and  has  the  tail  considerably 
compressed. 

4 — 4.     SALMO.     Spec.  56. 
Section  A.     Body  variegated  ;  teeth  apparent. 

salary  (common  salmon,)  upper  jaw  extending  be- 
yond the  lower  ;  first  dorsal  firt  cinereous;  spot- 
ted. All  lengths,  even  to  six  feet, 


248  SALMO,  SCARAB^EUS. 

trutta,  (salmon  trout,)  body  with  black  spots  en- 
circled with  brown  ;  pectoral  fin  with  six  dots  ; 
palate  with  three  rows  of  teeth.  From  one  to 
two  feet  long. 

fario,  (common  trout,)  body  with  purple-red  spots  ; 
lower  jaw  a  little  longer.  Sometimes  it  has 
violet  spots  above  on  a  brown  ground  ;  sides 
whitish-yellow  with  red  spots  surrounded  with 
white,  and  a  brown  area;  white  beneath.  About 
a  foot  long  and  moves  with  great  velocity.  Pal- 
ate with  three  rows  of  teeth. 

Section  B.     Teeth  scarcely  visible  or  none. 

lavarctus,  (lavaret,  gwiniad,)  upper  jaw  longer: 
dorsal  fin  fourteen -rayed. 

Qtsego,  (otsego  bass,)  jaws  without  teeth  5  dorsal 
fin  with  nine  softish  rays  over  the  ventral  fins, 
also  a  second  dorsal  fin  over  the  anal  ;  caudal 
fin  forked  ;  lateral  line  obscure  ;  under  lip  bi- 
fid ;  iris  of  the  eye  silvery.  From  one  to  two 
feet  long.  A  new  species  proposed  by  Dock 
Clinton,  senior. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     SALPA.     Spec.  11. 

natata,  body  marked  at  one  end  with  a  brown  spot* 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.    SCARUS.     Spec.  8. 

nvulatus,  jaws  continuous,  smoothed,  serrate, 
with  minute  teeth  at  the  edges. 

See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     SCARABJEUS.     Spec,  544. 
S)  (clock  beetle,)  thorax  and  head  with? 


SCARABJEUS,  SCIURUS.  249 

out  horns  or  prickles  ;  black ;  shield  rhombic ; 
crown  a  little  prominent ;  shells  grooved. 
inelolontha,  (tree  beetle,)  thorax  and  head  without 
horns  or  prickles  ;  testaceous  ;  thorax  hairy ; 
tail  inflected  ;  a  triangular  white  spot  at  each 
incisure  of  the  abdomen.      Feeds  on  leaves  of 
trees  ;  while  in  the  larva  state  it  remains  in  the 
earth  about  three  years,  and  is  very  destructive 
to  corn  and  other  vegetables. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     SCUENA.     Spec,  29. 

cirrosa,  upper  jaw  much  longer,  lower  one  with  a 
cirrus. 

See  MS.  P. 

1—4.     SCIURUS.     Spec.  38. 

vulgaris,  (common  squirrel,)  ears  bearded  at  the 
tip  ;  tail  colour  of  the  back. 

niger,  (black  squirrel,)  ears  not  bearded  ;  body 
black.  Sometimes  the  nose,  neck  and  tip  of  the 
tail  are  white. 

cinereus,  (grey  squirrel,)  ears  not  bearded  ;  body 
cinereous  ;  belly  white. 

striatus,  (ground  squirrel,)  body  yellowish,  with 
five  brown  longitudinal  stripes.  A  variety  has 
the  body  pale  with  four  stripes.  Five  and  a 
half  inches  long. 

volucettuS)  (flying  squirrel,)  having  a  membrane 
(made  by  a  doubling  of  the  skin)  extending  from 
the  ears  to  all  the  legs  and  tail ;  being  attached 
to  the  forelegs  as  far  as  the  toes,  to  the  hind- 
legs  as  far  as  the  ancles.  By  spreading  this 
the  squirrel  sails  through  the  aKv 


£50  SCOLEX, SCOLOPAX. 

from  the  top  of  a  tree,  descending  at  an  angle  of 
45  or  50  degrees  to  the  ground. 

See  MS.  P. 

li — 2.     SCOLEX.     Spec.  2. 

fleuronectidiS)  head  with  four  auricles,  pellucid. 
In  fish. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 4.     SCOLOPAX.     Spec.  50. 

arguata^  (curlew,)  bill  arched,  blackish  ;  legs 
blueish  ;  wings  blackish  with  snowy  spots. 
Nearly  two  feet  long. 

fusca,  (dusky  snipe,)  bill  bent  in  at  the  tip  ;  body 
black,  waved  with  white  ;  rump  and  wings 
white  beneath.  About  a  foot  long.  Migratory. 

grisea,  (brown  snipe,)  bill,  legs,  wing-coverts  and 
quill-feathers  brown ;  head,  neck  and  shoulders 
brown-ash,  spotted  with  black  ;  back  and  belly 
white.  11  inches  long. 

nigrd)  (black  snipe,)  bill  and  legs  red  ;  body  black. 

Jlavipes,  (yellow-shank  snipe,)  bill  black  ;  legs 
yellow  ;  body  whitish  spotted  with  black ; 
throat  and  breast  varied  with  black  and  white  ; 
belly  ana  tail-coverts  white.  11  inches  long. 

rusticola,  (wrood  cock,)  bill  straight,  reddish  at  the 
base  ;  legs  cinereous  ;  thighs  covered  ;  head 
with  a  black  band  each  side.  15  inches  long. 
Body  sometimes  white  or  pale  straw-colour  or 
spotted.  Head  sometimes  reddish ;  wings 
brown  or  white. 

minor,  (little  wood-cock,)  bill  straight ;  legs  brown- 
ish ;  front  cinereous  ;  hind-head  black,  with 
four  transverse  yellowish  lines  ;  chin  white  : 


SCOLOPAX,  SCOMBER.  25i 

body  black  and  tawny  above,  yellow  beneath. 
1  i  inches  long. 

gallinago,  (common  snipe,)  bill  straight,  tubercu- 
late  ;  legs  browrn  ;  body  varied  with  blackish 
and  tawney,  white  beneath  ;  front  with  four 
brown  lines.  About  a  foot  long. 

glottis,  (greenshank  snipe,)  bill  straight,  the  low- 
er base  red  ;  body  snowy  beneath  ;  legs  green* 
ish.  14  inches  long. 

calidrisj  (redshank  snipe,)  bill  straight,  red  ;  legs 
scarlet  ;  secondary  quill-feathers  white.  A 
foot  long. 

tatanus,  (spotted  snipe,)  blackish  with  white  spots, 

white  beneath  ;  lines  on  the   breast,  and  bands 

on  the  lateral  tail-feathers  blackish  ;  legs  red. 

Sometimes  the  wings  have  triangular  white  spots, 

See  MS.  P. 

8 1.       SCOLOEENDRA.       Spec.  13. 

lagura,  (flat  centipede,)  legs  twelve  on  each  side  ; 

body  oval ;  tail   with  a  white  pencil  of  hairs  ; 

body  brown,  head  black. 
Jbrficata,  (centipede.)  legs  fifteen  each  side  ;  body 

reddish-brown, 
gigantea,  legs  seventeen  each  side  ;  tail  with  two 

hooked  styles. 

electrica,  legs  seventy  each  side  ;  body  linear. 
occidentalism  (thousand  legs,)  legs  123  each  side. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     SCOMBER.     Spec.  22. 

scomber,  (mackerel,)  spurious  fins  five.     From  1 
to  2  feet  long. 
Sec  MS.  P. 


25%  SCOPUS,  SERPENTARIUS. 

2 — 5.     SCOPUS.     Spec.  i. 

umbretta,  (umbre,)  body  brown;  tail  obscurely 
barred.  Twenty  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 3.     SCORPJSNA.     Spec.  9. 

parcus,  cirri  near  the  eyes  and  nostrils. 

See  MS.  P. 

7 — i.     SCORPIO.     Spec.  10. 

amcricanlis,  (scorpion,)  combs  with  fourteen  teeth  ; 
hands  subciliate  with  filiform  claws;  body  spot- 
ted with  brown. 

See  MS.  P. 

9 — i.     SCYLLJEA.     Spec.  2. 

pelagica,  body  fixed ;  four  extreme  arms  alike,  the 
middle  ones  papillose.  Among  sea-weeds. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 3.     SCYTHROPS.     Spec.  1. 

psittaceus,  back,  wings  and  tail  cinereous ;  feath- 
ers mostly  with  dark  dusky  tips.     2  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.     SEPIA.     Spec.  8. 

•officinalis)  (cuttle-fish,)  body  without  tail  or  ap- 
pendage, and  surrounded  by  a  margin  ;  tenta- 
cula  (longer  arms)  two. 

toligo,   (calamary,)  body  subcylindric,  subulate, 
furnished  with  a  flattish  sharp-edged  rhombic 
membrane  at  the  tail  each  side.      From  one  to 
two  feet  long, 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 1.     SERPENTARIUS.     Spec.  i. 

(snake-eater,)  body  black ;  hind-head 


SERPULA,  SILPHA.  253 

crested  ;  tail-feathers  white  at  the  tips  ;  legs 
very  long.     3  feet  high. 

See  MS,  P. 

5 — 1.     SEUPULA,     Spec.  48. 

spirorbis,  (spiral  shell- worm,)  shell  regular,  spii 
ral,  orbicular  ;  the  whorls  slightly  caniculate 
above   and  inwardly,    and  growing  gradually 
less  towards  the  center. 
See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     SERTULARIA.    Spec,  about  60. 

Gperculatd)  (coral  grass,  coral  wheat-heads,)  deit- 
tides  opposite,  pointed   and  nearly  erect,  vesi- 
cles obovate,  covered  with  a  lid  ;   branches  al- 
ternate. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—1.     SILPHA.     Spec.  122. 

nigosa^  (carrion  beetle,)  lip  dilated,   bifid  ;  jaw 
one-toothed  ;    blackish  ;    shells    ridged    with 
three  raided  lines  ;  thorax  ridged,  sinuate  be 
hind. 

See  MS.  P. 

Remarks.  This  genus  is  a  remarkable  fair 
specimen  for  affording  the  student  an  opportunity 
to  compare  the  method  of  dividing  an  extensive 
genus  into  sections,  and  that  of  cutting  it  up  int6 
new  genera,  according  to  Cuvier,  Lamarkj  La- 
treille,  &c. 

They  stand  thus  : 

Sec.  B.     Lip  rounded,  entire  ;  jaw  one-toothed* 
Or  genus  MYCETOPHAGUS.     14  species. 

Sec.  C.     Lip  horny >  entire;  jaw  bifid.     Or  genus 
3  species, 


254  StLPHA,  SIMTA. 

Stee.  D.     Lip  emarginate,  conic  ;  jaw  bifid*     Or 
genus  IPS.     1 6  species. 

Sfec.  E.     Lip  cordate,  emarginate,  crenate.      Or 
genus  NicROPHOitus.     5  species. 

Sec.  F.      Lip    square,    emarginate.      Or   genu£ 
SfHJBRimuii.     SO  species. 

Sec.  G.     Lip  long,  entire  ;  antennae  serrate.    Or 
genus  HYPPOPHL^US.     6  species. 

The  question  seems  lo  be  simply  this  :  Is  the 
introduction  of  these  six  new  names  a  valuable  ac- 
quisition to  the  science,  without  being  accompa- 
nied with  a  new  discovery  or  a  new  thought  of  any 
kind  ;  excepting  that  of  a  new  combination  of  uu- 
cooth  sounds  ?  Nature  decides  in  favor  of  some 
subdivisions  of  the  Linnean  genera;  but  vanity 
makes  a  score  of  new  genera  where  nature  and 
expediency  hesitatingly  decide  in  favor  of  one. 
Set  MS.  1\ 

4 — 4.     SILURUS.     Spec.  28. 

glanis,  (bearded-fish,)  having  six  cirri  or  beards  ; 
dorsal  iin    single,    unarmed  ;    head  spatulate, 
dusky-green.      All    sizes  up    to   300  pounds 
weight. 
See  MS.  P. 

1 — 2.     SIMTA.     Spec.  64. 

Section  A.     Without  a  tail     Apes. 

satyrus,  (orang-outang,)  rusty-brown  ;  hair  of  the 
fore-arms  reversed,  haunches  covered  ;  body 
erect  generally.  From  three  to  five  feet  high. 


SIMTA.  255 

Section's.     Tail  short.     Baboons. 

sylvatica*  (wood  baboon,)  face,  hands  and  feet, 
naked,  black,  smooth  ;  nails  white.  Body  3 
feet  high  ;  tail  3  inches  long. 

Sec.  C.     Tail  not  prehensile  ;  cheecks  pouched; 
haunches  naked.     Monkies. 

diana,  (spotted  monkey,)  bearded  ;  forehead  pro- 
jecting ;  head  pointed. 

Sec.  I).  Tails  jprehinrite  ;  cheeks  not  pouched  ; 
haunches  coveted.  Sapajous,  or  modest  mon- 
kies. 

capucina,    (capucin    monkey,)    no   beard  ;    skin 

brown  ;  hair  and  limbs    black  ;    tail   shaggy, 

"Very  docile.     Size  of  a  cat. 
sciurea,  (orange  monkey,)  no  beard,  greenish-grey ; 

bind  part  of  the  head  prominent;  nails  of  the 

four  smaller  toes  ungulate  ;    haunches  covered. 

Very  beautiful  and  graceful  in  its  movements. 

Always  look  persons  in  the  face  who  speak  to 

it. 

Sec.  E.  Tails  not  prehensile  ;  cheeks  not  pouch- 
ed ;  haunches  covered.  Sagoins,  or  playing 
monkies. 

rosalia,  (silk  monkey,)  beardless  ;  head  hairy  ; 
outer  edge  of  face  and  feet  red  ;  nails  subulate  j 
body  yellowish-white.  Body  8  inches  Ions, 
tail  13. 

See  MS.  P, 


256  SIPUNCULUS,   SOLEfiT. 

10 — 2.     SIPUXCULUS.     Spec.  2. 

nudus,  (tube- worm,)  body  covered  with  a 
skin,  and  globular  at  the  lower   end.     In  the 
sea  and  under  stones.     8  inches  long. 

saccatus,  body  covered  with  a  loose  skin  and 
rounded  at  the  lower  end.  Appears  as  if  en- 
closed in  a  bag. 

See  MS.   P. 

& — 4.     Si  KEN.     Spec.  1» 

mcertina,  (siren,)  body  eel-form  ;  branchise  rami- 
fied. From  8  to  18  inches  long.  It  is  said  that 
Capt.  La  Conte  has  discovered  another  species 
in  Louisiana,  and  that  another  was  discovered 
in  Maj.  Longrs  Expedition. 
See  MS.  P. 

8—9.     Si  REX.     Spec.  26. 

gigas,  (tailed  wasp,)  abdomen  yellow  at  the  baser 
and  tip  ;  body  black-blue. 

See  MS.  P. 

2—2.     SITTA.     Spec.  12. 
europoza,  (nuthatch,)  cinereous,  beneath  reddish  : 

tail-feathers  black,  the  four  lateral  ones  beneath 

tipped  with  white.     6  inches  long. 
canndensis,  (american   nuthatch,)  cinereous,  pale* 

rufous  beneath  ;  eyelids  white.     5  inches  long. 

See   Mb.   P. 

9—3.     SOLKX.     Spec.  23. 

vagina,     (razor-sheath,)     shell   linear,    straight* 
roundish,  one  end  margined  :  hinge  with  a  sin- 
gle  opposite  tooth  in  each  valve.     6  qr7  inches 
long. 
fifce  MS.  P.. 


SOKEX,  SPHINX.  257 

1 — 3.     SOREX.     Spec.  17, 

eristatuS)    (shrew-mouse,)   nostrils    cartmculate  ; 

tail  short.     4  inches  long. 
aquaticiiS)  (water  shrew,)  hind  feet  palmate  ;  fore 

feet  white  ;  tail  short,  white.     Size  of  a  mole. 
bicolor,  (swamp  shrew,)  tail  middle  length,  naked* 

ish  ;  hody   blackish,  cinereous   beneath  ;  toes 

fingered.     4  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 6.     SPATULARIA.     Spec.  1  or  none. 

[A  bad  genus,  taken  from  SQUALUS.] 
S  t  MS.  p. 

4 — 3,     SPARUS.     Spec.  39. 

auratus,  (gilt-head,)  a  semi-lunar  golden  spot  be- 
tween the  eyes.     Sometimes  weighs  10  pounds. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     SPHAGEBRANCHUS.     Spec.  1. 

restrains,  (pike-nose,)  the  nose  extended  so  as'to 
have  the  appearance  of  a  beak. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 9.     SPHKX.     Spec.  129. 

tnaculata,  (solitary-wasp,)  thorax  spotted;  first 
segment  of  the  abdomen  with  a  white  dot  each 
side,  second  edged  with  white. 

See  MS.  P. 

8—10.     SPHINX.     Spec.  175. 

Remarks,      This  genus  resembles  the  genus 

Phalaena,  and  approaches  the  Papilio.     All  the 

species  of  Papilio  fly  in  the  day  time  only  ;  those 

of  the  Phateua  ia  the  night ;  and  of  this  genus* 


258  SPHINX,    SPOSGUk. 

early  in  the  morning  or  near  evening.     The  larra 
fiave  sixteen feet;  and  are  pretty  active. 

ocellata,  (hawk-moth,)  .wings  angular,  lower  ones 
rufous  with  a  blue  eye-spot.     Chrysalis  dark 
chesnut- brown. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 3.     SPONDYLUS.     Spec.  4. 

gtfderopus,  (thorney  oyster,)  shell  slightly  eared 
and  spinous  :  one  valve  extends  hack   beyond 
the  other  ;  colour  variable. 
See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     SPONGIA.     Spec.  49. 

officinal! s,  (common  sponge,)  irregular  or  subgto- 
bular,  porous,  tough,  lobed,  woolly.  Linneus 
supposed  that  the  large  serpentine  cavities  in 
this  species  were  made  by  marine  animals  gnaw- 
ing  their  passages  into  it ;  though  their  regular- 
ity and  the  prominences  at  their  superficial  ter- 
minations seem  to  indicate  that  they  are  an  es- 
sential part  of  the  organic  structure  of  the  ani- 
mal. 

prolifera^  (branched  sponge,)  base  flat,  spread  ; 
branches  numerous,  subpalmate,  ending  in  fin- 
ger-like divisions.  Grows  in  large  bunches  up- 
on oyster  shells,  &c. ;  sometimes  six  inches 
high. 

JluviatiKs,  (river  sponge,)  green,  erect,  fragile,  con- 
sisting of  numerous  irregular  branches.  Very 
abundant  in  the  upper  lake  on  Catskill  moun- 
tain, near  the  Mountain  House.  Has  a  fishlike 
smell. 
8ee  MS.  P. 


SQUALUS,  STE11KOPTRIX. 

14—6.     SQUALUS.     Spec.  34. 

a9  (hammer  shark/;  head  broad,  resembling 
a  hammer.     6  feet  long.     Rapacious. 

snipes,  (fox  shark,)  upper  lobe  of  the  tail  as  long 
as  the  body.  7  feet  long*  Exceedingly  vora- 
cious. 

glaucus,  (blue  shark,)  sides  of  the  tail  smooth  : 
lower  part  of  the  back  with  a  triangular  dent. 
3  to  14  feet  long. 

earchariat)  (white  shark,)  teeth  triangular,  serrate. 
Grows  to  30  feet  long.     Most  dreadful  of  all 
sea  animals. 
See  MS.  P. 

6 — 2  to  5.     SQUILLA.     Spec  6. 

mantis,  (false  craw-fish,)  hands  with  a  single  fang^ 
compressed,  falcate,  serrate  ;  body  subangular  : 
tail  serrate  with  spines.     Eatable. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.     STAPHYLIKUS.     Spec.  156. 

murinus,  (rove  beetle,)  pubescent,  cinereous,  cloud- 
ed with  black  ;    abdomen    deep    black  j   legs 
black  ;  shells  blue. 
See  MS.  P. 

2 — 6.     STERNA.     Spec.  25* 
hirundo,  (swallow  tern,)   two  outer  tail-feathers 
half  black,  half  white.     Sometimes  outer  tail- 
feathers  white.     A  foot  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     STERNOPTRIX.     Spec.  1. 
(amber  fish,)  compressed;  truncate  be- 


360  STinx. 

fore,  narrowed  and  silvery  behind  ;  eyes  large,, 
amber-colouiv 
See  MS.  P. 

% — 1.     STRIX.     Spec.  50. 
Sec.  A.    Eared  oicls. 

tmbo)  (giant  owl.)  body  tawny.  A  variety  ha& 
brownish  wings  with  dark  body  Another  has 
naked  legs.  Another  is  blackish-yellow,  vari- 
egated with  white* 

virgiriiana,  (bro^vri  owl,)  body  brown  above,  va- 
ried with  tine  zigzag  tawny  and  cinereous  lines, 
pale  ash  beneath  with  transverse  brown  streaks ; 
throat  and  sides  of  the  breast  orange,  streaked 
with  brown. 

<uio,  (red  owl,)  body  ferruginous  above,  cinereous 
beneath  ;  wings  with  five  white  dots.  10  inches 
long. 

americana,  (american  owl,}  head  and  body  cinere- 
ous above,  rusty  beneath  ;  rump  white  spotted 
with  black;  wings  and  tail  rusty  with  cinereous 
and  grey  transverse  Ikies. 

otus9  (long-eared  owl,)  feathers  of  the  ears  six. 
A  variety  is  much  darker,  another  smaller.  It 
is  about  14  inches  long 

brachyatos,  (short-eared  owl,)  horns  short ;  body 
brown  above,  feathers  edged  with  yellow  ;  be- 
neath pale  yellow,,  with  longitudinal  dusky 
streaks.  14  inches  long. 

-noevia,  (mottled  owl,)  body  grey,  paler  beneath, 
spotted  with  black  and  rusty ;  feathers  of  the 
liead  and  breast  dotted  with  black,     11  laches 
Jong, 
jfite  MS.  P. 


STR1X,  STKOMATEUS.  261 

Sec.  B.     Earless  owls. 

nycteci)  (snow-owl,)  body  whitish,  with  a  few 
brown  lunate  spots.  Often  snow-white  in  the 
winter.  2  feet  long 

nebulosa,)  (cloud  owl,)  head,  nerk,  breast,  back 
and  wing-coverts  brown,  spotted  with  white  : 
belly  dirty  white,  streaked  with  brown  ;  tail 
with  brown  and  whitish  bands,  and  whitish 
at  the  tip.  2  feet  long. 

Jlammca,  (common  owl,)  body  pale  yellow  above 
with  white  dots,  whitish  beneath  with  blackish 
dots.  14  inches  long 

tilula,  (speckled  owl,)  body  brown  above,  spotted 
with  white  ;  tail  feathers  with  linear  white 
bands.  14  inches  long,  but  often  much  smaller, 

flittered,  (canada  owl,)  body  brown  above  with  a 
few  large  white  spots,  white  beneath  with  trans- 
verse narrow  brown  bars  ;  tail  long  with  broad 
brown  and  narrow  white  bars. 

acaclica^  (acadian  owl,)  body  bright  bay,  spotted 
with  white  above,  dirty  white  mixed  with  rusty 
beneath.  7  inches  long. 

passerinci)  (sparrow  owl,)  quilt '-feathers  with  five 
rows  of  white  spots.  About  8  inches  long.  A 
smaller  variety  has  the.  eyes  surrounded  with 
white  circles  ;  and  a  larger  variety  has  a  white 
chin  and  variegated  wings. 

albifrons,    (white" faced  owl,)    body   rusty-brown, 
paler  beneath  ;  forehead   white:  quill-feathers 
barred  with  black  and  white.     5  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     STROM  ATE.US.     Spec.  3. 
paruf  (stromat,)  back  golden,  Uelly  silvery  j  body 


262  STROMBUS,  STURNUS, 

slender,  covered  with  small  deciduous  scales. 
See  MS.  P. 

9  —  4.    STROMBUS.     Spec.  53. 

(dinner-born,)  lip  rounded  and  very  large  : 
shell  crowned  ;  belly  and   spire  with  conic  ex- 
panded spines.   10  inches  long,  9  broad. 
bee  MS.  P. 

11  —  1.     STRONGYLJLUS.     Spec.  1. 

(horse  glass-worm,)  head  opake  ;  intes 
tine  black.     Inhabits  the  stomachs  of  horses. 
See  MS.  P 


2  —  5.     STRUTHIO.     Spec.  4. 

c.amelus,  (black  ostrich,)  feet  two-toed  ;  feathers 
of  the  body  lax,  black,  decomposite,  webs  equal 
each  side  ;  quill  and  tail-feathers  .snowy,  wav- 
ed, long,  here  and  there  blark  on  the  edge  or 
tip.  Lays  40  or  50  eggs,  each  as  large  as  a 
child's  head.  7  to  9  feet  long. 

casuarius,   (cassownn    ostrich,)   feet    three-toed  : 
helmet  and  dew?ap«  naked  ;  feathers  brownish- 
black,  lax.     5  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

2  —  2.     STURNUS.     Spec.  17. 

•vulgaris,  (starling,  stare,)  bill  yellowish  ;  body 
black,  with  white  dots.  A  variety  is  white  2 
another  cinereous  with  black  legs  and  bill. 
One  white  variety  has  a  black  crown,  neck, 
wings  and  tail  ;  another  has  two  black  spots 
e  the  eyes  near  the  bill.  9  inches  long* 
MS.  J\ 


STYLEPHORUS,    SUS.  203 

4 — •!.     STYLEPHORUS.     Spec.  1. 
chordatus,  (thread-tail  fish,)  body  gradually  di- 
minishing as  it  approaches  the  tail,   which  ter- 
minates in  a  process  or  string  of  enormous  length* 
10  inches  long  ;  tail  process  22  inches. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 11.     STYLQPS.     Spec.  2. 

palltca,  living  on  wasps. 
See  MS.  P. 

1—6.     Sus.     Spec.  5. 

scrofu,  (common  hog,)   tail   hairy  ;  ears   oblong, 
acute ;  back    bristly.      In  the  wild   state  the 
bristles  are   very  long  on  the   forepart  of  th6 
back,  and  the  ears  are  roundish. 
porcus,  (guinea-hog,)  back  prickly  on  the  hind- 
parts  ;  tail  reaching  to  the  ground  ;  naval  cisti- 
ferous.     Some  have  erect  ears  a  little  pointed, 
and  a  tail  reaching  nearly  to  the  ground  ;  body 
reddish.     S  nailer  than  the  scrofu. 
tajassu,  (mexican   hog,)  tail  non$ ;  back  with  a 
glandular   orifice.     3  feet  long.     Rung  wild  in 
woods  and  does  not  wallow  in  mud. 
africanus,  (cape  hog,)  two  fore  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw  ;  body  covered  with  long  fine  bristles ;  tail 
slender,  tufted. 

tthiopicusi  (ethiopian  hog,)  no  fore  teeth  ;  a  soft 
wrinkled  pouch  under  the  eyes  ;  body  thick, 
broad,  nakedish,  with  bunches  of  blackish-brown 
bristles  ;  skin  lax,  black  under  the  eyes,  from 
which  hangs  down  a  large  broad,  flat,  tube ; 
tail  naked.  Of  hideous  appearance,  fierce  and 
swift.  Four  feet  and  a  half  long  ;  burrows  un- 
der ground. 


264  SUS,  T^ENIA. 

babyrussiis,  two  crooked  tusks  piercing  through 
the  upper  part  of  the  face  ;  body  slender,  grey- 
brown  ;  hair  almost  woolly  ;  tail  long,  twisted, 
tufted  at  the  tip. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.     SYGXATHUS.     Spec.  5. 
iyphle,  (pipe-fish,)  caudal,  anal,  and  pectoral  fins, 

radiate;  body  six-sided.     A  foot  long. 
acus,  (needle-fish,)  caudal,  anal  and  pectoral  fins 

radiate  ;  body  seven-sided.     2  to  3  feet  long. 

See  MS.   P. 

4 — 1.     SYNBUAKCHUS.     Spec.  2. 

marmoratus,    (surinam  eel,)   head    thick,    snout 
rounded  ;  teeth  obtuse. 
See  MS.  P. 

T. 

8—12.     TABAKUS.     Spec.  52. 
fyvinufy  (ox-fly,)  eyes  greenish  ;  back  of  the  ab- 
domen with  white  triangular  longitudinal  spots. 
See  M8.  P. 

11—2.     TJENIA.     Spec.  100. 

Sec.  A.  Head  armed  with  hooks;  found  in  other 
parts  besides  intestines  ;  furnished  with  a  vesi- 
cle behind.  Hydatids. 

visceralis,  (swelling  hydatid.)  pea-form,  enclosed 
in  a  vesicle  ;  broad  on  the  forepart  and  pointed 
behind.  In  tumid  viscera. 

Sec.  B.  Head  armed  with  hooks  ;  found  only  in 
the  intestines  ;  not  furnished  with  a  terminal 
vesicle.  Tape- worms, 

solium,  (great  tape- worm,)  articulations  long  and 


TJENIA,  TAPIR.  265 

tiarrow  with  marginal  mouths,  one  on  each  joint, 
and  generally  alternate  ;  ovaries  arborescent. 
Inhabits  human  intestines.  Sometimes  60  feet 

^;i)S 
vulgarix,  (common  tape-worm?)  articulations  short 

and  broader,  with  a  mouth  in  the  centre  of  each 
joint;  ov  iries  stellate  round  the  mouth.  In- 
habits  human  intestines,  three  or  four  together; 
sometimes  15  feet  long.  If  cut  or  broken  into 
parts,  each  part  will  live. 
See  MS.  P. 

1  —  3.     TALPA.     Spec.  4. 

vuropoca,  (mole,)  tail  short  ;  feet  five-toed.  White, 
yellow,  cinereous,  variegated,  brown,  &c.  ; 
head  lengthened  into  &  long  snout  ;  fore  feet 
broad  ;  eyes  small. 

See  MS.  P. 

2  —  §.     TANAGUA.     Spec.  48. 
,  (tanager,)  red  ;  bill   yellowish.     6  inchfts 


lon. 

rubra,  (red  tanager,)  red  :  wings  and  tail  black  ; 
tail-feathers  tipped  with  white.    Sometimes  the 
tail  is  not  tipped  with  white.     6  inches  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

2—5.     TANTALUS.     Spec.  23. 

igneus)  (ibis,)  head  and  neck  black  ;  legs  greeu  ; 
body  varied  with  glossy-blue,  blackish,  green 
and  claret;  dark  rufous  beneath  ;  quill  and  tail- 
feathers  green-gold.  3  inches  long. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

1—6.     TAPIH.     Spec.  i. 

nmericanus,  (tapir,)  snout  long,  extensile,  flexible; 
hisses. 
See  MS.  P. 

£3 


266  TELLINA,  TEXKBRIG. 

g — 3.     TELLINA.     Spec.  100. 
Section  A.     Ovate  and  thickish. 

fragiRs,  (brittle  tellina,)  shell  ovate,  white  ;  gib- 
bous with  transverse  recurved  strise  ;  beaks 
yellowish.  An  inch  broad. 

Section  B.     Ovate,  compressed. 

.radiatd)  (radiated  tellina,)  shell  oblong,  with  faint 
longitudinal  strise,  polished  ;  suture  behind  the 
beaks  caniculate;  whitish  with  red  rays.  Some- 
times with  unequal  sides,  large,  white,  brown, 
yellow,  &c. 

Section  C.     Suborlicular.     Genus  CYCLAS  of 
Bruguieres. 

sitnilis,  shell  suborbicular,  convex,  base  a  little 
flattened  ;  having  nearly  equi-distant  raised 
concentric  lines,  giving  a  furrowed  appearance 
to  the  surface  ;  epidermis  brownish  ;  hinge  with 
minute  oblique  teeth,  lateral  ones  distinct,  elon- 
gated. Length  the  third  of  an  inch,  breadth  a 
little  less.  American  fresh  water  shells. 

dubia^  shell  oblique,  subovate,  convex,  wrinkled 
concentrically,  whitish  with  a  darker  band  ; 
beaks  nearer  one  end,  whitish  within  ;  primary 
teeth  distinct,  two  divaricating  ones  in  one 
valve,  and  in  the  other  one,  Length  one-fourth 
of  an  inch,  and  breadth  a  little  less.  American 
fresh  water  shells. 
See  MS.  P. 

8 — 5.    TEXEBUIO.     Spec.  90. 
?nolitor,   (meal  worm,)  oblong,   piceous  ;    shells 


TENTHREDO,  TERMES.  267 

striate.     Often  found  in  meal  and  bread  from 
large  bakeries. 
See  JUS.  P. 

8 — 9.    TENTHREDO.     Spec.  152. 

lutea,  (yellow  saw-fly,)  antennae  yellow ;  abdomen 
yellow,  the  second  segment  black. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 1.    TETHYS.     Spec.  2. 

fimbria,  membrane  or  lip  crenulate  or  pointed  ;  bo- 
dy white  ;  lip  rounded,  spread  over  the  forepart 
of  the  head  and  broader  than  the  body. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 5.    TETRODOX.    Spec.  12. 

Ijvigatus,  (globe  fish,)  belly  dilatible  and  prickly 
before  the  anal  fin.     1  or  2  feet  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

9 — 4.    TEREDO.     Spec.  3. 

navaKs,    (ship- worm,)    shell    thin,    cylindrical, 
smooth. 
See  JUS.  P. 

8 — 8.     TERMES.      Spec.  10 

fatale.  (white  ant,  wood-cater,)  body  brown  above; 
thorax  with  three  segments  ;  wings  pale,  with  a 
testaceous  rib.  This  species  live  in  communi- 
ties, and  build  mole-hills  twelve  feet  high.  A 
family  of  them  will  gnaw  a  beam,  12  feet  long 
and  2  feet  in  diameter,  to  a  mere  shell  not  thick- 
er than  paper  in  one  day. 

pulsatoriuni)  (false  death-watch,)  nearly  or  quite 
apterous  ;  abdomen  oblong  ;  mouth  red  ;  eyes 
yellow,  The  female  beats  like  the  ticking  of  a 


268  TESTUD0. 

watch,  which  is  her  call  for  the  male,     Inhab- 
its old  wainscoting  and  wooden  furniture. 
See  MS.  P. 

0  —  1.    TESTUDO.     Spec.  35. 

Section  A.     Legs  fin-form?  the  foremost  longest* 
Sea-turtles. 

coriacea,  (leather-shell  tortoise,)  shell  coriaceous, 

longitudinally  grooved,   Sometimes  tuberculate. 

Sometimes  6  feet  long  and  three  broad.      Not 

eatable. 
mydas9  (green  -turtle,)  fore  part  two-clawed  ;  hind 

feet  solitary  ;  shell  oval.  Beak  broad  or  narrow, 

Flesh  eatable,  green. 
'imbricata,.  (shell  tortoise,)  fore  and  hind  feet  two- 

clawed  ;  -shell  plates  lax,  lying  over  each  other. 

These  small  plates  are  the  tortoise-shells  of  the 

shops. 

Section  B.  Feet  palmate  ;  shell  joined  to  the 
chest  by  a  membrane,  and  propped  &uch  side  in 
the  middle,  by  two  processes  iff  the  chest. 


ij  (woods  turtle,)  scutels  of  the  JiLsk  keeled  ;-_ 
under  shell  closing,  so  that  the  whole  body  is 
shut  in  a  water-tight  box. 

fjensylvanica,fort  feet  five-clawed,  hind  ones  fours 
tail  tipped  with  a  sharp  horn. 

Section  C,     Feet  clavate,  clawed;  shell  convex. 
joined  to  the  chest  by  bony  commissures. 

denticulata,  (heart  tortoise,)  feet  subdigitate  ;  shell 
round-cordate,  with  the  margin  irregularly 
scooped. 

mcleagris,  (speckled  tortoise^)  feet  digitate  :  shell 


TETRAO,    TTPULA.  269 

oval,  smooth,  speckled  with  numerous  yellow 
dots*     5  or  6  inches  long. 

2—4..     TETUAO.     Spec.  78. 

Section  A.      Spots  over  the  eyes  naked;   legs 
downy.     Grous. 

urogallus,  (grous, Ytail  rounded  ;  armpit  white.  2 
feet  9  inches  long. 

cupido,  (small  grous,)  back  of  the  neck  with  wing- 
like  appendages.  Less  than  a  partridge. 

umbel/us,  (american  grous,)  variegated  with  brown, 
rufous  and  black  A  foot  and  a  half  long. 

Sec.  B.  Orbits  granulated  ;  legs  naked  and 
spurred.  Partridges. 

perdix,  (common  partridge,)  a  naked  scarlet  spot 
under  the  eye  ;  tail  ferruginous  ;  breast  brown  : 
legs  white.  Colour  various.  13  inches  long. 

Sec.  C.  Orbits  granulated  ;  legs  naked  and  not 
spurred.  Quails 

virginionuati  (american  quail,)  a  black  band  above 
and  below  the  eyes  ;  crown  with  a  tawny  line. 

maryi**ndu#9  (white- eyed  quail,)  eyebrows  white;, 
neck  dotted  with  black  and  white. 
Sec  MS.  P. 

8 — 7.     THRIPS.     Spec.  8, 

physapus,  (wheat  fly,)  upper  wings  glaucous  t 
body  black.  Larva  yellow,  six-footed. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

8—12.     TIPULA,     Spec.  134. 
pecticornis,  (father  long-legs,)  antennae  pectinate  f 
wings  with  a  black  spot ;  abdomen  rufous  at  the 


TIFUi,A»,    7RICHOG15PHALUS; 

base,  barred  witli  yellow  in  the  middle  ancL tip- 
ped with  black. 

clavipes,   (crane-fly,)   brown  ;  tarsi  annulate  with 
white,  o-vate  and  thickened  in  the  middle. 
Sea  MS.  P. 

2—2,     TODUS.     Spec.  16. 

obscurus,  (tody,)  olive-bvown,  yellowish-white  be- 
neath ;  chin  pale  ;  quill  and  tail-feathers  edged 
with  grey. 
See  MS*  P. 

4—3.     TRACHICIITHYS.     Spec.  I. 
anstralis,  scales  fringed  and  covered  with  small 
spines;  tail  strongly  forked.     5  inches  long;,: 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 2.     TRACIIINUS.     Spec.  1- 

draco,  (weever,  sting- fish,)  under  jaw  longer :  back 
straight,  brown.  One  foot  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

1 — 3.     TKICHECIIUS.     Spec.  4. 

Kosmarus.  (morse,)  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw  remote* 
projecting.  Weighs  about  80  pounds. 

durong,.  (walrus,)  tusks  in  the  upper  jaw  project- 
ing, approximate. 

See  MX  P. 

4-7-1.     TRICHIURUS.     Spec.  2. 

lepturus,  lower  jaw  longer  than  the  upper.-  Three 
feet  long.  Body  naked,  silvery. 

See  MS.  P. 

11 — -1.     TuicHocEPHALus.     Spec.  6. 
hominis,  (hair-head  worms,)  body  slightly  crenate 
above,  smooth  beneath ;  very  finely  strkte  on 


TRICHODA,    T1UNGA,  271 

the   fore  part.      Inhabits   intestines  of  sickly 
children.     2  inches  long. 

Set  MS.  P. 

14—2.     TRICHODA.     Spec.  60. 
sol,  (hair-head  sun,)  globular,    and  every  where 
radiate  with  hairs. 

Sec  MS.  P. 

4—3.  TJUCHOPUS.     Spec,  1. 
tricliopterus,   iris  golden  ;  pectoral  fins  thin,  anal 
and  caudal  spotted  with  white.     4  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

4—3.     TRIGLA.     Spec.  14. 
tyra>  (gurnard,  piper,)  appendages  three  ;  nostrils 
tubular  ;  tail  lunate.     Two  feet  long. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 5.     TRINGA.     Spec.  48.. 

vanellus,  (lapwing,)  legs  red,  crest  pendent ;  breast 

black.     Colours  greatly  variegated  ;  flesh  and 

eggs  delicious. 
interpres,  (turnstone,  sea  dottrel,)  legs  red  ;  body 

black  varied  with  white  and  ferruginous  ;  breast 

and  belly  white. 
novce'uoracensh,  (sandpiper,)dusky,  white  beneath; 

breast  spotted  with  brown  ;  tail  cinereous  ;  tail 

with  black  and  white  lines. 
lobata,  (phhkirope,)   bill  subulate,,  bent  in  at  the 

tip  ;  feet  pinnate  ;  breast   waved   with  white  ; 

feet  lobate. 
cinclus,  (sanderling,  purre,  stint,)  bill  and  legs 

black  ;  lores   white  ;  body  and  rump  grey  and 

brown.     Seven  and  a  half  inches  long. 
$«  MV.  r. 


272  TRITON,    TUBIPORA. 

9 — 1.     TRITON.     Spec.  1. 

littoreitS)  (water  salamander,)  body  oval  ;  head 
oblong  ;  proboscis  long.  In  sea. 

See  MS.  P. 

4 — 1.     TUIURUS.     Spec.  1. 

trifurcus)(  trip  pie-  tail,)  the  last  fin  above  and  below 
extending  beyond  the  tail,  gives  the  appearance 
of  three  tails. 

See  MS.  P. 

2 — 2.     TROCHILUS.     Spec.  65. 

coining,  (american  hum  bird*)  green  gold  ;  tail- 
feathers  black,  the  three*,  lateral  ones  ferrugin- 
ous tipped  with  white  ;  chin  flame-colour.  3 
and  a  half  inches  long.  The  female  is  brown 
above  and  whitish  beneath. 

See  MS-.  P. 

9—4.     TROOHUS.     Spec.  133. 
magus,  (top-shell,)  shell  obliquely  umbilicate  and 
convex  :  the  ridges  of  the  whorls  rising  into  ob- 
tuse tubercles.     Shell  with  zigzag  red  stripes. 

See  MS.  P. 

2—3.     TROGON.     Spec.  9. 

wrucui,  (curuke,)  green  gold,  tawny  beneath  ;  chin 
black.  10  inches  long.  Colours  variable. 

See  MS.  P. 

13 — 2.     TUBIPORA.     Spec.  10, 
wrpens,  (pipe  coral,)  with  erect  cylindrical  very 
short   distant   axillary  tubes,   and  a  creeping 
dichotomous  divaricate  base.    Minute^  white  or 
pale  red.     Adheres  to  fuci^  &e. 
.See  MS.  -P. 


TUBULAUIA,    TURDUS*  278 

13—2.    TUBULARIA.     Spec.  26. 

Jistulosa.  (coral  whistle,)  stems  dichotomous,  with 
small  cylindrical  joints,  and  lozenge-form  cells. 
5  inches  long. 

See  MS.  P.  " 

9  —  4.     TURBO.     Spec,  151. 

corticaria,  (wreath  snail,)  shell  dextral,  cylindri'Cj. 
obtuse  at  the  apex  ;  whorls  fine  smooth  ;  aper- 
ture suborhicular  ;  a  tooth  on  the  pillar  near  the 
outer  angle  ;  inner  angle  with  an  angular  pro- 
jection. The  tenth  of  an  inch  long.  Under 
bark.  The  Odostoi&a  of  some.  An  American 
shell. 
See  MS\  P. 


2  —  2.     TUIIDUS.     Spec.  136. 

minor,  (little  thrush.)  tawny,  white  beneath  ;  breast 
yellowish,  with  black  spots.  7  inches  long. 

migratorius,  (redbreast  thrush,)  grey  ;  belly  ru~ 
fous  ;  eyelids  white  ;  outermost  tail  feathers 
white  on  the  inner  tip.  9  inches  long. 

polyglattus,  (mocking  thrush,)  dusky-ash,  beneath 
pale  ash  ;  primary  quill-feathers  white  on  the 
outer  balf. 

?lovoeboract;f(s?s,  (thrush,)  waved  with  black  and 
pale  ferruginous,  blackish  beneath  ;  wings  and 
tail  glossy-green,  a  black  stripe  above  and  be- 
low the  eyes.  Size  of  a  black-bird. 

fuscus,  (brown  thrush,)  olive-brown  ;  breast  and 
belly    whitish,   spotted   with  brown  ;  primary 
quill-feathers  and  legs  black. 
see  MS.  i\ 


274  UPUPA, 

U. 

2 — 2.     UPUPA.     Spec.  10. 

epep$)  (hoopoe,)  variegated  with  blackish  and  ru~ 
fous- white,  reddish-white,  beneath  ;  crest  pale- 
orange   tipped   with  black  ;  tail  black  with  a 
white  bar.     A  foot  long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4 — 2.     URANOSCOPUS.     Spec.  2. 
$cabex9  (star-gazer,)  back  smooth  ;  head  spriak- 
led  over  with  minute  warts.     A  foot  long. 
8.*e  MS.  P. 

1 — 3.     URSUS.     Spec.  10. 

aretes,  (common  bear,)  blackish- brown  ;  tail  short  t 
thumb  narrower  than  the  after  toes.  Colour 
varies,  even  to  white. 

inaritimus,  (white  bear,  polar  bear,)  white  ;  tail 
short  ;  head  and  neck  lengthened  ;  fur  long 
and  soft. 

'americanus,  (american  bear,)   black  ;  throat  and 
cheeks  rusty-brown  ;  ears  longer ;,  snout  sharp 
er. 

meles,  (badger,)  body  cinereous  above,  black  be- 
neath ;  a  longitudinal  black  stripe  including 
the  eyes  and  ears  ;  tail  the  colour  of  the  body, 
2  feet  long. 

totor,  (raccoon,)  tail  annulate  ;  a  black  transverse 
stripe  by  the  eyes.  Sleeps  by  day  and  goes  out 
at  night.  Destroys  indian  corn  rapidly  in  the 
field. 

luscus,  (wolverene,)  tail  long;  body  rusty-brown  ; 
snout  blackish. 

(glutton,)   tawny -brown,   tail  same  colour ;. 
middle  of  the  back  black, 
See  MS.  P. 


VAGINALIS,    VESPA*  275 

V. 

2 — 5.     VAGINALIS.     Spec.  i. 

alba,  (white  sheath-bill,)   bill   black  at  the  base  ; 
sheath  a  yellow   or  black  horny  plate   nearly 
covering  the  nostrils  ;  feathers  white.    15  inch- 
es long. 
See  MS.  P. 

4—3.     VANDELLIUS.     Spec.  1. 

eorpensis,  (sword-body,)   slender,  compressed  la- 
terally. 
Sec  MS  P. 

9 — 3.    VENUS.     Spec.  154. 

mercenaria,  (common  clam,  round  clam,)  shell 
thick,  strong,  with  slight  transverse  striae  and 
covered  with  a  brown  cuticle,  (which  sometimes 
becomes  pavonine,)  pale  violet  or  white  within  ; 
depression  on  the  outside  behind  the  beaks  ovate 
or  subcordate  ;  margin  crenulate.  Shell  four 
inches  by  three,  and  about  two  inches  thick. 
A  very  cheap  and  good  article  of  food  among 
the  indigent  class  in  New- York  and  other  sea- 
ports in  the  northern  states.  Twenty-five  cents 
for  clams,  and  five  cents  for  potatoes,  will  fur- 
nish a  comfortable  meal  for  fifteen  persons,  with 
no  seasoning  excepting  a  little  common  salt. 

See  MS,  P. 

.    8—9.     VESPA.     Spec.  213. 

crabro,  (hornet,)  thorax  black  the  fore  part  rufous 
without  spots  ;  incisures  of  tbe  abdomen  with  a 
double  contiguous  black  dot.  Nests  are  attach- 
sd  to  house  and  barn  timbers,  &c. 


276  VESPA,    VESPEfeTILIO. 

vulgaris,  (common  wasp,)  thorax  black  with  ail 
interrupted  yellow  line  each  side  ;  scutel  with 
four  yellow  .spots  ;  abdomen  yellow,  the  incis- 
ures  with  distinct  black  dots.  Live  in  large 
societies,  and  construct  a  pendent  cone  with 
woody  fibres  in  an  incipient  slate  of  decay.  The 
fibres  are  manufactured  into  thin  concentric 
membranes,  laid  over  each  other  at  a  distance 
sufficient  to  leave  a  passage  between  them.  The 
combs  are  placed  in  the  base  of  the  cone. 
Remarks,  Five  of  the  genera  abdopted  by 

Latreille  are  the  sections  of  this  genus.     Thus  : 

Sec.  B.  Lip  ovate,  as  long  as  the  jaw,  is  the 
MELLINUS.  8  species. 

Sec.  C.  Lip  compressed,  rounded,  longer  than 
the  jaw,  is  the  PHIL  AM  THUS.  14  species. 

Sec.  I).  Lip  short,  horny,  is  the  CRABRO.  56 
species. 

Sec.  E.  Tongue  bifid,  retractile,  is  the  MASARIS. 
2  species. 

Sec.  F.     Torque  inflected,  five- cleft,  is  the  BEM- 

BEX.     17  secies 

Each  of  these  might  be  subdivided  again  and 
again  :  and  so  might  every  genus  in  every  depart- 
ment of  natural  history,  if  it  contains  more  than 
one  species. 

See   MS.   P. 

1 — 3.     VESPERTILIO.     Spec.  25. 

murinus,  (common  bat,)  tailed  ;  nose  and  mouth 
simple  ;  ears  less  than  the  head  ;  mouse-colour 
tinged  with  red.  Two  and  a  half  inches  long. 
Flies  at  night  only.  Upper  fore  teeth  four  in 
immber;  lower  six. 


YESPEHTILIO,  VIVERBA.  277 

novoehoracensis,  (american  bat,)  tail  long ;  nose 
short,  acute ;  ears  short,  round  ;  bright  tawny 
above,  paler  beneath  ;  a  white  spot  at  the  base 
of  each  wing.     Length  same  as  the  last. 
Remark.     Both  of  these  species  are  torpid  dur- 
ing the  winter  and    hang  up  by  their  hind  claws 
in  ctfvertis,  &c.     They  are  found  in  the  five  cav- 
erns of  the   Helderbergh  in  Albany  county  every 
clay   in   summer  as  well   as  winter,  hanging  in 
bunches   like   bees  before  swarming.     They  fly 
out  during  the  night  in  the  summer  season. 
See  MS.  P. 

14 — 2.     VIBRIO.     Spec.  20. 
&nser,  (goose  animalcula,)  oval  with  a  long  neck^ 
and  a  tubercle  on  the  back.     In  stagnant  water 
where  Lemna  grows. 
*&>€  MS.  P. 

i — 3.     ViVERiiA.     Spec.  52. 

Hemarks.  Shaw,  whom  I  have  followed,  con- 
siders the  distinction  between  the  Viverra  and 
Mustela  as  not  founded  in  nature.  He  has  there- 
fore included  all  the  species  of  Mustela  under  the 
Viverra  ;  excepting  those  of  the  Mustela,  whose 
hind  feet  are  palmate.  These,  including  the  ot- 
ters, minks,  &c.  constitute  the  genus  LUTKA. 

vulpecula,  (southern  weesel,)  entirely  chesnutf 
snout  elongated.  Odour  filthy. 

putorius)  (striped  weesel,)  blackish,  with  five  dor- 
sal parallel  whitish  lines.  Sleeps  by  day  and 
prouls  by  night.  Tail  white  at  the  tip.  Odouv 
intolerable  when  irritated. 

memphitis,  (skunk,)  back  white,  with  a  longitudi- 
nal black  line  from  the  middle  to  tRe  tail.  16 
24 


278  VIVERRA,  VOUTICELLA. 

inches  long.  Defends  itself  by  the  most  pungent 
and  intolerable  odour. 

civetta,  (civet,)  tail  spotted  above,  brown  towards 
the  tip  ;  mane  cbesnut  ;  back  spotted  with  cine- 
reous and  brown.  Size  of  a  cat.  Produces  the 
civit  odour. 

genetta,  (genet,)  tail  annulate  ;  body  spotted, 
blackish -tawny.  7  inches  long. 

martes*  (martin,)  body  blackish-tawny ;  throat 
and  breast  yellow. 

ztbellina,  (sable,)  body  dark-tawny  ;  forehead 
white  ;  throat  cinereous.  Sometimes  snow- 
white  ;  sometimes  it  has  a  collar  of  white  or 
yellow  spots. 

Jbetidus,  (polecat,)  body  blackish-yellow  :  mouth 
and  ears  white.  Sleeps  by  day  and  wanders 
by  night.  Emits  a  fetid  odour. 

furo,  (ferret.)  eyes  red,  fiery  ;  body  long,  slender  ; 
pale  yellow. 

vtitgaris,  (white-bellied  weesel,)    body   white,  or 
tawny-brown    above,    white  beneath  ;  tail  the 
colour  of  the  body.     Prowls  by  night.     Fetid 
and  dirty. 
See  318.  P. 

9 — 4.     VOLUTA.     Spec.  144. 

pallidd)  (mitre,  volute,)  shell  entire,  oblong-ovate, 
with  an  elevated  spire  ;  pillar  with  four  plaits. 
See  MS.  P. 

14 — 1.     VOLVOX.     Spec.  9. 
globator,  (globe  jelly,)  spherical,  niembranaceous, 
with  various  sized  homogeneous  molecules.   In 
stagnant  water  and  vegetable  infusions. 
See  MS.  P. 

11 1.       VORTICELLA.       SpCC.  57. 

racemosa.  fwhirler,)  compound  with  a  rigid  stem 


VULTUR,    ZEUS.  279 

and  very  much  branched,  long  pedicels.     In 
stagnant  waters. 
sic  MS.  P. 

2—1.     VULTUR.     Spec.  17. 

gfyphus,  (condor,)  of  vast  size  ;  a  caruncle  on  the 
crown  as  long  as  the  head  ;  throat  naked. 
Wings  spread  16  feet  in  some  cases. 

aura,  (carrion  vulture,)  body  grey-brown  ;  quill- 
feathers  black  ;  bill  white.  Fetid  and  lazy. 


X. 

8  —  11.     XENAS.     Spec.  2. 

peokii,  oval-obloii  ;,   without  claws  or  rings,  with 
the  anicrior  end  dilated  in  the  form  of  a  head. 
See  MS,  P. 

4  —  I.     XIPHIAS,     Spec.  2. 

gladiuS)  (sword-fish,)    dorsal   fin   falcate  ;    back 
black,  belly  white  ;  upper  jaw  four  times  as  long 
as  the  under  and  pointed.    20  feet  long. 
Scs  MS.  P. 

Y. 
2  —  3.    YUNX.     Spec.  1. 

toryuilla,  (wry-neck,)  green,  varied  with  brown 
and  blackish  spots  ;  tail-feathers  waved  with 
black  spot&;  streaks  and  bars. 

Sec  Mb.  P. 

z. 

4—3.    ZEUS.    Spec.  10. 

gallus,  (doris,)  tenth  ray  of  the  dorsal,  and  second 
ray  of  the  anal  fin  longer  than  the  body. 
Sec  Mb.  P. 


280 


SUMMARY. 

Four  hundred  and  sixty-one  genera  are  des- 
cribed in  this  text-book.  These  embrace  every 
known  species  of  the  Animal  kingdom.  Lecepede^ 
Cuvier  and  others  of  the  French  School,  have 
subdivided  most  of  these  genera,  until  their  list  is 
extended  to  thousands,  including  their  subgenera, 
In  numerous  cases  they  have  merely  given  Greek 
and  Latin  names  to  the  Linnean  sections  of  species. 
The  student  should  be  told  at  the  outset  of  his 
course,  that  all  the  animals  are  embraced  under 
these  461  genera,  which  are  included  in  the  French 
genera. 

The  genera  described  in  this  text-book  are  af* 
ranged  according  to  the  classes  of  Cuvier,  as  fol- 
lows :  Under  Class  1,  are  54  genera— Class  2,  91 
—Class  3,  16 — Class  4,  92— Class  5,  10 — Class 
6,  4— Class  7,  4— Class  8,  88— Class  9,  48— 
Class  10,  5— Class  11,  14— Class  12,  4— Class 
13,.  16— Class  14,  15.  Total  461. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  present  century? 
about  21,300  species  had  been  described.  I  have  set 
down  the  number  of  species  described  at  that 
time  under  each  genus,  as  nearly  as  it  could 
be  ascertained.  Though  the  number  has  been  en- 
creased  several  thousands  since  that  time  ;  the 
student  may  form  an  estimate  of  the  relative  ex- 
tent of  each  genus,  by  that  number.  The  genera 
at  that  time  stood  thus,  under  the  Linnean  classes, 
Class  1,  49  genera— Class  2,  90— Class  3,  12— 
Class  4,  72— Class  5;  423— Class  6,  118,  Total 


(         281         ) 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  STUDENTS. 

This  text-book  embraces  not  only  a  system  of 
to  be  used  for  ascertaining  the  names  of  animals  : 
but  also  the  most  important  elementary  principles 
of  the  science  of  Zoology,  given  in  a  concise  fami- 
liar manner. 

The  student  should  commence  at  page  7  and 
study  the  whole  attentively  to  the  middle  of  page 
41.  Then  read  the  remarks  on  pages  53,  62,  76, 
79,  91,94,  96,  98,  ill,  118,  120,  123,  125  and 
129.  Also  the  directions  on  pages  133,  134  and 
135.  Also  the  sections  and  remarks  upon  the  spe- 
cies, under  the  generic  names  Silpha,  p.  253,  and 
Vespa,  p.  275. 

Several  species  of  American  fresh- water  shells 
are  described  for  the  purpose  of  exercising  students 
in  the  study  of  shells;  chiefly  from  Say  and  Barnes ,> 
most  of  which  they  propose  as  new.  More  might 
have  been  copied  from  Say,  in  Long's  Expedition, 
But  I  think  that  most  of  these  new  species  require 
reviewing.  On  comparing  the  characters  with, 
descriptions  of  European  species,  I  should  be  in- 
clined to  recommend  an  exchange  of  specimens 
with  European  naturalists,  before  they  are  offered 
as  new,  and  in  some  cases  a  comparison  of  the 
proposed  new  species  with  each  other,  especially 
some  of  the  new  species  of  Mya,  of  the  section 


282  DIRECTIONS. 

Unio.  They  may  all  be  tenable  ;  and  I  would 
riot  in  any  case,  set  up  my  doubts  against  the  con- 
victions of  these  industrious  naturalists.  But  I 
prefer  delaying  any  farther  adoption  of  their  new 
species,  until  they  have  extended  their  collections 
and  made  farther  comparisons.  I  have  the  same 
objections  to  the  adoption  of  other  proposed  new 
species  of  animals  from  other  naturalists,  which  I 
might  have  introduced  for  students*  exercises.  I 
consider  this  part  of  Natural  History  as  very  un 
settled  in  America  ;  and  that  it  is,  as  it  were,  just 
emerging  from  a  chaotic  state — it  is  so,  at  any  rate^ 
in  mi/  own  mind. 


INDEX 


OF  ENGLISH  NAMES  AND  OF  ELEMENTARY  TERMS., 

N.  B.  The  elementary  terms  are  printed  in  italics, 


A,             PAGE. 

PAGE. 

PAGF, 

Abdominal,                 31 

Barnacle,            113,204 

By  ssus,                       30 

Abdominal  fins,          31 

Basse,            85.241,248 

Abdominal  rings.       31 

Bat,                            275 

C. 

Acorn-shell,       113,204 

Bear,                     55,274 

Cachelot,             60,240 

Alasmodonta,           222 

Beard,                          30 

Cadow-fly,                107 

Albatross,             74,179 

Searded  fish,             254 

Calomary,                 252 

Alligator,                   202 

Beaver,                 57,166 

Camel,                 60,161 

Amber-  fish,          82,259 

Bedbug,                     170 

Carassow,                   69 

Amphibiology,            27 

Bee,                     108,142 

Carp,                    88,177 

Anal-fins,    •-,                31 

Bee-catcher,             215 

Carrion-eater,          225 

Analogous  parts,        28 

Bee-  eater,            67,21  i  \  Caruncle,                   34 

Anemone,                 123 

Beef-eater,           66J60 

Cuscd-worm,       91,247 

Angler,                 89,207|  Beetle,  102,180,207,248 

Cassowary,                 70 

Angle-worm,       92,207 

Bill-fish,     182  [253,259 

Cat,                       56,186 

Anodonla,                 224 

Bison,                    60,158 

Cataphracted,             34 

Anoplotherium,         59 

Bittern,                        71 

Cat-bird,                     63 

Ant,              108,187,267 

Blackbird,            64,228 

Caty-did,                   106 

Ant-eater,     58,209,223 

Blackfish,                  234 

Caudal  fins,               33 

Antelope,             60,14] 

Blenny,                        83 

Cellepore,                 167 

Antenna,                     33 

Bloodsucker,       93,197 

Centipede,    98,201,251 

Ape,                             54 

Boat-bill,       71,105,162 

Cere,                           29 

Aphrodite,                   92 

Boat-fly,                     225 

Chameleon,         77,202 

Aplotheriurrij            141 

Bo  dion,                        86 

Chameleon  bird,      138 

Appendages,               29 

Bone-head,                138 

Channel  bird,             68 

Argentine,                 155 

Booby,                         7;> 

Chatterer,            63,138 

Ark,                    115,153  Bookeater,                178 
Armadillo,           58,177  Bot,                             54 

Chelaie  claws,             32 
Chub,                         177 

Articulated,            11,32 

Bot-fly,                       226 

Cinereous,                   34 

Asp,                             77 

Bream,                         88 

Civet,                   56,278 

Aululet,                      31 

Bronchial,                   30 

Clam,           114,115,275 

Auricles,                 29,30 

Bubble-shell,             159 

Classes,                     8,37 

Austral  is.                   165 

Buffalo,                 60,158 

Classification,             37 

Avertcbral,                  27 

Bug,                    105,170 

Clavale,                       33 

Avoucet,             72,246 

Bullfinch                   207 

Cloaca,                        31 

Awk,                    74,137 

Bullhead,              84,174 

Coby,                          65 

Bunting,                65,181 

Cochineal  bug,  106,171 

B. 

Bush-coral,                127 

Cockle,               114,166 

Babboon,                  255 

Bustard,               71,229|Cockroach,        104,157 

Badger,            55,60,274 

Butcher-bird,              63i  Codfish,        83,189,205 

Band-fish,                    83 

Butterfly,            108,230 

Coly,                         172 

Barbate,                      34 

Butterfly-worm,       187 

Condor,                     279 

Burbet;          68,159,177 

Buzzard,             63,183 

Cone,                 11  6;  173 

284 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

PAGE. 

Coot,                     73,189 

Dragon-fly,        106,205 

Fr  outlet,                      29 

Coral,  126,128,167,201 

Dragon's  needle,      106 

Fruit-buo-,                  105 

211272 

Dromedary,                60 

Fungus-stone,          209 

Coral-grass,       126,  253 

Duck,             75,139,140 

Fusiform,                    83 

Coralline,           123,1  7-^ 

Duck-bill,                 241 

Cormorant,                 75 

G. 

Corvoret,                 233 

E. 

Gad-fly,              110,226 

Crab,                     94,161 

Eagle,                   63,183 

Gail,                           169 

Crake,                  7^,245 

Earth-worm,       92,207!  Gall-bug,                    105 

Crane,           71,154,233 

Earwig,              194,187|Gall-fly,              108,176 

Crane-fly,          109,27'. 

E.-l,  80.  140,192,213,264 

Gallinule,      70,188,245 

Creeper,               67,168 

tiffus..,                         30 

Garnet,                       233 

Cricket,                     lyi 

Elementary,                27 

Gaper,                        114 

Crockodile,         77,202 

Elephant,             59,181 

Gar-fish,                       87 

Crossbill,             67,207 

Elk,                       60,168 

Genet,                        278 

Crow,                   6o,174 

Elytra,                        3:. 

Girint-sriake.               77 

Cuckoo,                68,175 

Emmet,                      J87 

^iant  shell,                169 

Cultrate,                      oO 

Enerimte,                   181 

Gill-covers,                  30 

Curlew,                72,250tEttfomo/0£y,                27 

titll-membrane,          30 

Currassow,        175,234  Epheoj  era,         106,182 

Gilt-head,                 257 

Curuke,                68,272  \  Escutcheon,                 31 

Giraffe,                 60.161 

Cuspidates,                  ftt'iEznanxile,                   33 

Glass-worm,        92,262 

Cuttle-fish,         111,252 

Ex-serb,                        80 

Glimmer-chaffer,      100 

Eyed-  worm,      121,241 

Globe-fish,                 267 

D. 

G!of»«  -jelly,               278 

Dace,                         177 

F. 

G  o  \  v  -  vv  o  rm  ,      101  ,202 

Darter,                  75.24-2 

Falcon,                      184 

Giijf.on,                    274 

Day-fly,              116.182 

Faculties,                21.25 

Gnat,                           109 

Death  watch,    196.244, 

Father-  lasher,           174 

Goat,                     60,165 

267 

Futher  long-legs,     2<39 

Goat-chaffer,             103 

Decipede,                 2oi 

Fe.M'-et,                       278 

Goat-horns,        103,167 

Deer,                    69,168 

Ffttertd,                      32 

Goat  sucker,        64,165 

Deftex,                        32 

File-fish,                      85  Goby,                    84,190 

Diffracted, 

Dinner-horn,     117,26^ 

Filiform,                      33  Gold-bug,                 'l60 
Finch,                   65,187|GoldeM-thrush,           68 

Dipper-shell,             116 

Fins,                            79 

Gold  eye,           107,140 

Directions,          133,281  Fire-bird,                     64 

Goldfinch,           65,188 

Diver.   73,101,139,172,  Fish  eater,                 121 

Gold-fish,                   177 

2101  Fish-worm,               206 

Gold-fly,                    169 

Divisions,                     $\  Fissile,                        34 

Goosander,          75,210 

Dodo,                   70,  179,  Flamingo,            73,239 

Goose,           75,139,277 

Dog,                     56,16$  Flea,              99,192,244 

Gorgon,                     127 

Dolphin,               60,178 

Flounder,             84,242 

Gourie,                      llfr 

Dormouse,           57,22-3 

Fluke,                       121 

Gourd-worm,            185 

.Dorsal,                         31  Flv,                     214,215 

Grackle,               64,191 

Dory,             84,179,280 

Fly-catcher,         63.215 

Grampus,                   178 

Dottrel.                     271 

Flying-cat,    55;189,'204 

Grand  divisions,           9 

Dove,  '                70,172 

Flying-dragon^         180 

Grasshopper,   104,105, 

Dragon.                 77,78 

Flying-fish,          88,183 

192 

Dragonet,            82,160 

Fox,  ^                   56,164 

Grebe,                  73,172 

Dragon-fish,             233 

Frog,      78,207,245;2'16 

Green-scum,            130 

INDEX. 


285 


PAGE. 

PJLQZ. 

PAGE. 

Gressoral,                  32 

Hyaline, 

31 

Launce,               61,138 

Grey-beard,         97,238 

Hydatid, 

264 

Leather-chaffer,  .  101, 

Grosbeak,            65,207 

178 

Groundling,               171 

I. 

Leech,                 93,197 

Ground-  worm,         12  J 

Ibex, 

61 

Legs,                           32 

Grous,                  70,269 

Ibis, 

72,265 

Lenticular,                  34 

Guan,                         234 

Ichneumon, 

107,179, 

Leopard,                   186 

Guinea-hen,        70,225 

201 

Lepisma,             99,204 

Guinea-pig,          58,166 

Ichthyology, 

27 

Limpet,              117,232 

Gull,                     74,203 

Idiots, 

20 

Linnet,                 65,18S 

Gurnard,              86,271 

Imago, 

35 

Lion,                    66,186 

Gwinard,                  248 

Imminset, 

84 

Lion-ant,           106,223 

Incisors, 

30 

Lizard,                 77,202 

H. 

India-pig, 

68 

Lobster,               94,161 

Haddock,             83,189 

Indistinct^ 

Soroche,                        86 

Hag  fish,              90,190 

Insanity, 

26 

Locu3t,104,105,170,192 

Hair-head,120,130,270, 

Interscapulars, 

34 

Loon,                   73,172 

271 

Itch-worm, 

77 

Lores,                          29 

Hair-snake,         93,191 

Louse,  99,106,141,228, 

Hair-worm,                93 
Hake,                        157 

J. 

Jabiru, 

71,223 

238 
Lymnrea,                  195 

TTc,n»<*                         91 

Jacamar, 

189  Lynx,                    56,180 

Hare,'          59,112,205 

Jacana, 

22,232 

Harness-fish,            207 

Jack, 

182 

M. 

Hawk,           63,183,184 

Jackall, 

164 

Mackerel,            86,251 

Hawk-moth,             258 

Jackdaw, 

66,174 

Madrepore,               127 

Hedgehog,           65,182 
Helmet-shell,           116 

Jacu-turkey, 
Jay, 

7<> 
66,174 

Magpie,                66,174 
Mailed,                        34 

Hdminihology,           27 

Jellies,        130, 

131,156, 

Man,                     63,193 

Hen?              70,138,235 

157 

,199.210 

Manakin,             64,241 

Hen-hawk,               184 

Jerboa, 

'179 

Mandibles,                  29 

Heron,                 71,154 

Man-o-war,         77,17& 

Herring,               88,170 

K. 

iMarmot,                    154 

Hippopotamus,          59 

Kanguroo, 

57,208 

Martin,                 64,278 

Hog,                         263 

King-fisher, 

67,137 

Martin-bird,             197 

Hollibut,              84,242 

Kite, 

63,183 

Mastodon,                  59 

Hoopffi,                67,274 

Knee-pan, 

232 

Meal  worm^             266 

Hooded-worm,        120 

Knight-fish, 

85 

Medusa,                     156 

Horn-bill,            67,159 

Koster, 

136 

Megatherium,            58 

Hornet,              108,275 

Merganser,                 75 

Hornet-fly,                110 

L. 

Messenger-bird,  67,173 

Horn-wrack,     126,187 

Lacunose, 

35 

Miller,                 109,236 

Horse,                  60,182 

Ladies'  bird, 

104 

Missile-tongue,  fyc.      30 

Horse-fly,          110,196 

Lady-bug, 

104,171 

Mite,             97,135,136 

Horse-foot,              21  1 

Lamb, 

60 

Mitre,                 U6,278 

Horse  glass-worm,  121 

Laminated, 

35 

Molar  €3,                       30 

Horse-leach,            197 

Lamprey, 

90,234 

Mole,                    55.265 

House-fly,          110,196 

Lantern-fly, 

105,138)  Molluscous,                 10 

Hum-bird,           67,272 

Lapwing, 

271 

Momliform,                34 

Humble-bee,            142 

Lark, 

65,137 

Monkey,              54,255 

humming-fly,  110,158 

Larva, 

28,30 

Monolaba,               113, 

386 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

PAGE 

PAGE, 

Monster,                  169 

Oviparous,                  35 

Foiwr, 

91 

Moor-hen,                 188 

Ovum,                         35 

Polecat, 

278 

Moose,                 60,168 

Owl,                     63.260 

Polypus, 

125 

Morris,                  81,204 

Ox,                         60,150 

Force!  lane?- 

116,176 

Morse,             56,57,270 

Ox-chaffer,                 102 

Porciif»ine, 

58,200 

Moth,           109,236,258 
Mother-of-pearl,      223 

TI/T   *. 

Ox-fly,                 100,264 
Oyster,  115,213,229,258 

Porcupine-fish, 
Porpoise, 

179 
60,178 

Motmot,              67,211 

Oyster-catcher,  71,192 

Pratincole, 

190 

Mouse,          57,214,232 

Prehensile, 

38 

Mud-dragon,       78.243 

P. 

Prickle-back, 

S3 

Mudfish,                    171 

Paleotherium,     60,230 

Pricks-fish, 

Mule,                         182 

Palpi,                          34 

Pricklv-beetle, 

1^)3 

Mullet,             88,89,213  Pangolin,                     59 

Prismatic, 

34 

Muricate,                     35 
Museum-thief,           136 

Panther,               56,186 
Paper-shell,               141 

Proboscis, 
Protector, 

34 
101 

Mushroom-coral,     128 

Papillose,                    35 

Proteus, 

73 

Musk,                    60,212 

Paradise  bird,      66,231 

Protrusile, 

30 

Musk-rat,                  21M 

Parrot,                   69.244 

Pruinose, 

35 

Musquetoe,         109,175  Parrot  fish,               'l74 

Purre, 

ari 

Mussel,       114,115,^16,  Partridge,             70,269 

Pupa, 

35 

217,224  Pea-bug,                    169 

3Iustela;  see  Yirerra,     Peacuck,             6g,233,                   & 

irenrl.           115,216,223 

Quail, 

70,239 

N.                     Pearl-  muscle,            114 

Narwhal,             60,211  f-V.-;W>,                    34 

T> 

JWr/an/,                         32  Pcc.toruf-fois,  <yc.    31,83 

Rabbit, 

58,205 

Nautilus,     116,155,224 

Pelican,                 75,2;ii 

Raccoon, 

65,274 

Nay  ant,                       31 

Pellucid.                      35 

Racer, 

72 

ISTeedle-tail,                 82 

Penguin,              74,142 

Radiated. 

9 

Negro-eat  sr,              120 

i'ereh,            85,  158,234!  Rail, 

73,245 

Jlewt,                   78,24/ 

Pi-'.rckingj                    32  Rain-hen, 

73 

Nictitant  membra*    .    ' 

Per  foliate.                   34  Ra-ra, 

240 

Night-hawk,        64,163 

Periwinkle,               117  Rat,                57,213,214 

TVipitingale,              i!12 

Peruvi;  n  hca,            69 

Rat-  bear, 

57 

Nitter,                        226  Pr,st,                    122,189 

Rattlesnake, 

176 

Noddy,                         74!  Petrel,                   74,243 

Ray, 

90,245 

75 

Phalerope,               271 

Rays, 

32 

Pint-cracker,              6<» 

Pheasant,                    70 

Razor-sheath, 

14,256 

IVut-hatch,            66,256 

Phogphoretccntj         31 

Red-pole, 

188 

Pfwwlogy,                18 

R«d-robin, 

64 

O, 

Piddock,                    113 

Remora, 

83 

Qceipital,                     29 

Pierce-stone,            240 

Retractile, 

30 

Ocellate                       '32 

Pigeon^                 70,172 

Retuse, 

32 

Old  wife,              85,202 

Pike,                     81,182 

Rhinoceros, 

S9,24§ 

Opossum,             56,178 

P;ke>nose,                257 

River-horse, 

59,200 

Ordtrs,                        41 

Pmtail,                       140 

Roach, 

177 

Oriole,                  64,22}=' 

Pine-fish,              89,264 

Robin, 

64,212 

Ostrich,                7«>,2a2 

Piper,                        271  (Rock-hen, 

241 

Otter,                   56,208 

lanorbis,                  194 

Roe, 

168 

Ounce,                       1 

Plaut-Uiief,         101,244 

Roller, 

66,173 

Offtbjg-outang,     54,25"* 

Plover,                 71,169 

Rook, 

174 

INDEX. 


287 


PAGE. 

PAGE. 

PAGE. 

Rove-beetle,            100 

Setaceous  antenna;,  fyc. 

Starling,               66,26*3 

Ruffe,                    85,234 

3 

Star-slone,                 201 

Rump,                         33 

Shad,                     88,  •  70! 

Stem-eye,                  110 

Shag,                    75.233 

Stemmatctj                   30 

S. 

Shark,                   90.259 

Sterlet,                  90,136 

Sable,                        278 

Sheath-bill,          72.275 

Sickle-beck,       86,189 

Salamander,7S,l  12,247 

Sheep,                   60,229 

Stiffstem,                   125 

Salmon,                87.247 

Sheep-bug,                196 

Slint,                         271 

Sanderling,               271 

Sheep-head,                 86 

Sloloniferous,              85 

Sandpiper',           71,271 

Sheldrake,                 139 

Stone-horn,               209 

Sandy-tube,              1-8 

Shell-worm,         91,253 

Stone-knott,             208 

Sawfly,               107,267 

Shepherd,                  238 

Stone-lily,                 118 

Scale-shell,                141 

Shield-bug,                102 

Stone  -shell,              140 

Scallop,               115,228 

Ship  jack,                   189 

Stork,                          71 

Scaly  lizard,               r.-9 

^hip-vorm,        117,267 

Sucker,                 89,176 

Scaiisoralj 

Shoveller,                  140 

Sucking-fish,       83,180 

Seapulars,                   34 

Shrew-mouse,     55,257 

Summary,                 280 

Scooper,                     72 

Shrike,                  63,203 

Sunfish,                89,167 

Scorpion,             90,252 

Silver-fish,                 156 

Surmullet,            86,213 

Scorpion-fly,            106 

Siren,                    78,256 

Swallow,             64,197 

Serai;,                         30 

Skimmer,             74,247 

Swan,                    75,139 

Screamer,            73,230 

Skunk,                  66,277 

Swim-bug,                   96 

Scum,                        167 

Sloth,                    58,  15^ 

Swimmer,                 100 

Sea-blubber,             124 

Slow-worm,        77,141 

Swine,                          59 

Sea-calf,                    239 

Slug,             112,142,206 

Sword-body,            276 

Sea-cow,                     06 

Snail,    117,193,206,273 

Sword-fish,          82,279 

Sea-dasie,          123,136 

Snake,  77,136,138,158. 

Systematic  zoology,      8 

Sea-car,              117,193 

172,175 

Sea-fan,              127,141 

Snake-eater?        63,252 

T. 

Sea-hare,            112,203 

Snap-bug,           100,180 

Tail-  coverts,                33 

Sea-hedgehog,  118,180 

Snipe,    "       72,250,251 

Tail-feathers,             33 

Sea-horse,                   56 

Snipe-fish,                 167 

Tariager,               63,265 

Seal,                      56,239 

Snub-nose,                139 

Tape  fish,                  167 

Sea-lemon, 

Sole,                      84,242 

Tape-worm,      122,264 

Sea-marygoldj          136 

Soothsayer,               104 

Tapir,                    60,265 

Sea-mew, 

Sowbug,               95,227 

Tarsus.                          33 

Sea-monster, 

Spanish-fly,        102,2101X631,   "                  75,140 

Sea-nettle,                 124 

Sparrow,  64,65,188,212 

Tecirics,                        31 

Sea-pen,      127,138.234 

Spectre,       104,209,239 

Tellina,                      266 

Sea-pie,                     102 

Spider,                  96,143 

Tench,              .    88,177 

Sea-parse,                  138 

Spindle-worm,         120 

Tentaculce,                 34 

Sea-serpent,              2J3 

Sponge,              128,258 

Ttrmesy                       27 

Sea-snail, 

Spoonbill,            72,241 

Tern,                     74.259 

Sea-star,             118,156 

Sprat,                     88,170 

Thin-shell,                'li5 

Sea-swallow,              7  • 

Spring-tail,          99,242 

Thorn-shell,              117 

Sea-urchin,        HS.lSl 

B  quail  er,                     65 

Thousand-legs,         251 

Sea-wing,                  2-'!1. 

Squirrel,                58.249 

Thread.             '  131,186 

Sea-  wolf,            *     1>& 

Stag,                      60.168 

Thread  -tail,         81,263 

Sentient-principle,      16!  Stair-case,                117 

Thrush,                 64,273 

Serrate,                      34]  Star-gazer,          83,274 

Tick,                          135 

288 


INDEX. 


PiGE. 

PAGE. 

Ho*. 

Ticking-fly,             107 

Unicorn-fish,              85 

Wattles,                      30 

Tiger,                   56,186 

Unio,                          216 

Weaver,               83,270 

Tiger-  bug,          100,170 

Uropygial)                 33 

Weesel,                56,277 

Titmoase,            65,232 

Weevil,                      103 

Toad,                  245.246 

V. 

Whale,          60,156,240 

Tobacco-pipe,     87,187 

Vandal,                        83 

Wheat-fly,                 269 

Tody,                   67,270 

Vtnt,                            31 

Wheat-head,             253 

Toothshell,          92,178 

Ventricles,                   30 

Whelk,               116,159 

Top-shell,           117,272 

Vermes,                 8.9,27 

Whip-poor-will,  64,165 

Torose,                         35 

frrtcbral,              13,27 

Whirl  er,              129;279 

Tortoise,              70,268 

Vibrissa,                     30 

Winged-stick,           209 

Tortoise-beetle,        10o 

Viper,                   77,172 

Wolf,                     56.161 

Toucan,                68,246 

Viviparous,                  35 

Wolf-  fish,                    82 

Tripple-tail,         81,272 

Volute,                116,278 

Wolverene,               274 

Tropic-bird,         75,235 

Vulture,                    279 

Woodbeetle,      103,225 

Trout,                   87.248 

Woodcock,  72,213,250 

Trumpeter,          71,243 

W. 

Woodeater,               267 

Trumpet-fish,             87 

Walking-stick,          209 

Woodpecker,     68,240, 

Truncate,                    32  Walrus,                 56,270 

241 

Trunk-fish,           S9,<228:  Warbler,                      64 

Woodshen,                139 

Tube-worm,      119,256 

Wasp,   108,256,257,276 

Worm,         155.166,180 

Turkinatc,                  31 

Water-bug,                200 

Wren,                '  64,212 

Turbot,                     24i> 

Water-clock,            200 

Wry  -neck,           68,279 

Turkey,                69,210 

Water-hen,                  73 

Turkey-feather,        171 

Water-  moth,             240 

Y. 

Turnstone,                27  Ij  Water-scorpion,      105, 

Yelper,                        72 

Turtle,                       268 

Water-serpent,         272 

Turtle-dove,        70,172 

223 

Z. 

Water-spider,    100,200 

Zebra,                         60 

U. 

Water-witch,             100 

Zoology,                        7 

Umbre,                71,252 

Wattlebird,          65,190 

Zoophytes,                    9 

Correct  the  following  errors  with  the  pen. 

Page  44.    Under  the  order  Thoracic!,  change  the  word  ((  vertebral'* 

to  ventral. 

Same  page.     Under  order  Abdominales.  change  "  long"  to  bony. 
Page  47.     Order  a  Sutoria,"  change  to  Suctoria. 
Page  78.     Under  genus  Proteus,  strike  out  all  line  third,  and  add  the 

words,  without  claws,  to  the  end  of  the  description. 
Page  100.  Sec.  B.  change  "  luminated"to  laminated. 
Page  135.  Acanthus.  This  genus  was  taken  from  Fringilla.  Cross  it 

out,  and  leave  its  species  under  the  old  genus. 
Page  151.     Sec.  M.     From  the  six  upper  dots  strike  out  one  pair. 
Page  191.     The  species  under  Gordius,  change  to  aquaticus. 
Page  205.    Change  "  Lencophia"  to  Leucophia. 
Page  207.     Change  the  species  under  Lucernaria  to  quadricorms. 
Page  243.    Add  to  the  bottom  line  the  words,  four  toes  to  eacii  foot. 


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